feat(i18n): Add Internationalization Support for UI and LLM Output (#1058)

docs/cli/commands.md

@@ -195,6 +195,16 @@ Slash commands provide meta-level control over the CLI itself.
 - **`/init`**
   - **Description:** Analyzes the current directory and creates a `QWEN.md` context file by default (or the filename specified by `contextFileName`). If a non-empty file already exists, no changes are made. The command seeds an empty file and prompts the model to populate it with project-specific instructions.
 
+- [**`/language`**](./language.md)
+  - **Description:** View or change the language setting for both UI and LLM output.
+  - **Sub-commands:**
+    - **`ui`**: Set the UI language (zh-CN or en-US)
+    - **`output`**: Set the LLM output language
+  - **Usage:** `/language [ui|output] [language]`
+  - **Examples:**
+    - `/language ui zh-CN` (set UI language to Simplified Chinese)
+    - `/language output English` (set LLM output language to English)
+
 ### Custom Commands
 
 For a quick start, see the [example](#example-a-pure-function-refactoring-command) below.

docs/cli/language.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Language Command
+
+The `/language` command allows you to customize the language settings for both the Qwen Code user interface (UI) and the language model's output. This command supports two distinct functionalities:
+
+1. Setting the UI language for the Qwen Code interface
+2. Setting the output language for the language model (LLM)
+
+## UI Language Settings
+
+To change the UI language of Qwen Code, use the `ui` subcommand:
+
+```
+/language ui [zh-CN|en-US]
+```
+
+### Available UI Languages
+
+- **zh-CN**: Simplified Chinese (简体中文)
+- **en-US**: English
+
+### Examples
+
+```
+/language ui zh-CN    # Set UI language to Simplified Chinese
+/language ui en-US    # Set UI language to English
+```
+
+### UI Language Subcommands
+
+You can also use direct subcommands for convenience:
+
+- `/language ui zh-CN` or `/language ui zh` or `/language ui 中文`
+- `/language ui en-US` or `/language ui en` or `/language ui english`
+
+## LLM Output Language Settings
+
+To set the language for the language model's responses, use the `output` subcommand:
+
+```
+/language output <language>
+```
+
+This command generates a language rule file that instructs the LLM to respond in the specified language. The rule file is saved to `~/.qwen/output-language.md`.
+
+### Examples
+
+```
+/language output 中文      # Set LLM output language to Chinese
+/language output English   # Set LLM output language to English
+/language output 日本語    # Set LLM output language to Japanese
+```
+
+## Viewing Current Settings
+
+When used without arguments, the `/language` command displays the current language settings:
+
+```
+/language
+```
+
+This will show:
+
+- Current UI language
+- Current LLM output language (if set)
+- Available subcommands
+
+## Notes
+
+- UI language changes take effect immediately and reload all command descriptions
+- LLM output language settings are persisted in a rule file that is automatically included in the model's context
+- To request additional UI language packs, please open an issue on GitHub

package.json

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
     "lint:all": "node scripts/lint.js",
     "format": "prettier --experimental-cli --write .",
     "typecheck": "npm run typecheck --workspaces --if-present",
+    "check-i18n": "npm run check-i18n --workspace=packages/cli",
     "preflight": "npm run clean && npm ci && npm run format && npm run lint:ci && npm run build && npm run typecheck && npm run test:ci",
     "prepare": "husky && npm run bundle",
     "prepare:package": "node scripts/prepare-package.js",

packages/cli/package.json

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
     "format": "prettier --write .",
     "test": "vitest run",
     "test:ci": "vitest run",
-    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit"
+    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
+    "check-i18n": "tsx ../../scripts/check-i18n.ts"
   },
   "files": [
     "dist"

packages/cli/src/config/config.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import {
   WriteFileTool,
   resolveTelemetrySettings,
   FatalConfigError,
+  Storage,
   InputFormat,
   OutputFormat,
 } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
@@ -602,6 +603,20 @@ export async function loadCliConfig(
     (e) => e.contextFiles,
   );
 
+  // Automatically load output-language.md if it exists
+  const outputLanguageFilePath = path.join(
+    Storage.getGlobalQwenDir(),
+    'output-language.md',
+  );
+  if (fs.existsSync(outputLanguageFilePath)) {
+    extensionContextFilePaths.push(outputLanguageFilePath);
+    if (debugMode) {
+      logger.debug(
+        `Found output-language.md, adding to context files: ${outputLanguageFilePath}`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
   const fileService = new FileDiscoveryService(cwd);
 
   const fileFiltering = {

packages/cli/src/config/settingsSchema.ts

@@ -176,6 +176,23 @@ const SETTINGS_SCHEMA = {
         description: 'Enable debug logging of keystrokes to the console.',
         showInDialog: true,
       },
+      language: {
+        type: 'enum',
+        label: 'Language',
+        category: 'General',
+        requiresRestart: false,
+        default: 'auto',
+        description:
+          'The language for the user interface. Use "auto" to detect from system settings. ' +
+          'You can also use custom language codes (e.g., "es", "fr") by placing JS language files ' +
+          'in ~/.qwen/locales/ (e.g., ~/.qwen/locales/es.js).',
+        showInDialog: true,
+        options: [
+          { value: 'auto', label: 'Auto (detect from system)' },
+          { value: 'en', label: 'English' },
+          { value: 'zh', label: '中文 (Chinese)' },
+        ],
+      },
     },
   },
   output: {

packages/cli/src/core/initializer.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { type LoadedSettings, SettingScope } from '../config/settings.js';
 import { performInitialAuth } from './auth.js';
 import { validateTheme } from './theme.js';
+import { initializeI18n } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 export interface InitializationResult {
   authError: string | null;
@@ -33,6 +34,13 @@ export async function initializeApp(
   config: Config,
   settings: LoadedSettings,
 ): Promise<InitializationResult> {
+  // Initialize i18n system
+  const languageSetting =
+    process.env['QWEN_CODE_LANG'] ||
+    settings.merged.general?.language ||
+    'auto';
+  await initializeI18n(languageSetting);
+
   const authType = settings.merged.security?.auth?.selectedType;
   const authError = await performInitialAuth(config, authType);
 
@@ -44,7 +52,6 @@ export async function initializeApp(
       undefined,
     );
   }
-
   const themeError = validateTheme(settings);
 
   const shouldOpenAuthDialog =

packages/cli/src/core/theme.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import { themeManager } from '../ui/themes/theme-manager.js';
 import { type LoadedSettings } from '../config/settings.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Validates the configured theme.
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@ import { type LoadedSettings } from '../config/settings.js';
 export function validateTheme(settings: LoadedSettings): string | null {
   const effectiveTheme = settings.merged.ui?.theme;
   if (effectiveTheme && !themeManager.findThemeByName(effectiveTheme)) {
-    return `Theme "${effectiveTheme}" not found.`;
+    return t('Theme "{{themeName}}" not found.', {
+      themeName: effectiveTheme,
+    });
   }
   return null;
 }

packages/cli/src/i18n/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+import { homedir } from 'node:os';
+
+export type SupportedLanguage = 'en' | 'zh' | string; // Allow custom language codes
+
+// State
+let currentLanguage: SupportedLanguage = 'en';
+let translations: Record<string, string> = {};
+
+// Cache
+type TranslationDict = Record<string, string>;
+const translationCache: Record<string, TranslationDict> = {};
+const loadingPromises: Record<string, Promise<TranslationDict>> = {};
+
+// Path helpers
+const getBuiltinLocalesDir = (): string => {
+  const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+  return path.join(path.dirname(__filename), 'locales');
+};
+
+const getUserLocalesDir = (): string =>
+  path.join(homedir(), '.qwen', 'locales');
+
+/**
+ * Get the path to the user's custom locales directory.
+ * Users can place custom language packs (e.g., es.js, fr.js) in this directory.
+ * @returns The path to ~/.qwen/locales
+ */
+export function getUserLocalesDirectory(): string {
+  return getUserLocalesDir();
+}
+
+const getLocalePath = (
+  lang: SupportedLanguage,
+  useUserDir: boolean = false,
+): string => {
+  const baseDir = useUserDir ? getUserLocalesDir() : getBuiltinLocalesDir();
+  return path.join(baseDir, `${lang}.js`);
+};
+
+// Language detection
+export function detectSystemLanguage(): SupportedLanguage {
+  const envLang = process.env['QWEN_CODE_LANG'] || process.env['LANG'];
+  if (envLang?.startsWith('zh')) return 'zh';
+  if (envLang?.startsWith('en')) return 'en';
+
+  try {
+    const locale = Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().locale;
+    if (locale.startsWith('zh')) return 'zh';
+  } catch {
+    // Fallback to default
+  }
+
+  return 'en';
+}
+
+// Translation loading
+async function loadTranslationsAsync(
+  lang: SupportedLanguage,
+): Promise<TranslationDict> {
+  if (translationCache[lang]) {
+    return translationCache[lang];
+  }
+
+  const existingPromise = loadingPromises[lang];
+  if (existingPromise) {
+    return existingPromise;
+  }
+
+  const loadPromise = (async () => {
+    // Try user directory first (for custom language packs), then builtin directory
+    const searchDirs = [
+      { dir: getUserLocalesDir(), isUser: true },
+      { dir: getBuiltinLocalesDir(), isUser: false },
+    ];
+
+    for (const { dir, isUser } of searchDirs) {
+      // Ensure directory exists
+      if (!fs.existsSync(dir)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const jsPath = getLocalePath(lang, isUser);
+      if (!fs.existsSync(jsPath)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        // Convert file path to file:// URL for cross-platform compatibility
+        const fileUrl = pathToFileURL(jsPath).href;
+        try {
+          const module = await import(fileUrl);
+          const result = module.default || module;
+          if (
+            result &&
+            typeof result === 'object' &&
+            Object.keys(result).length > 0
+          ) {
+            translationCache[lang] = result;
+            return result;
+          } else {
+            throw new Error('Module loaded but result is empty or invalid');
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // For builtin locales, try alternative import method (relative path)
+          if (!isUser) {
+            try {
+              const module = await import(`./locales/${lang}.js`);
+              const result = module.default || module;
+              if (
+                result &&
+                typeof result === 'object' &&
+                Object.keys(result).length > 0
+              ) {
+                translationCache[lang] = result;
+                return result;
+              }
+            } catch {
+              // Continue to next directory
+            }
+          }
+          // If import failed, continue to next directory
+          continue;
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Log warning but continue to next directory
+        if (isUser) {
+          console.warn(
+            `Failed to load translations from user directory for ${lang}:`,
+            error,
+          );
+        } else {
+          console.warn(`Failed to load JS translations for ${lang}:`, error);
+          if (error instanceof Error) {
+            console.warn(`Error details: ${error.message}`);
+            console.warn(`Stack: ${error.stack}`);
+          }
+        }
+        // Continue to next directory
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Return empty object if both directories fail
+    // Cache it to avoid repeated failed attempts
+    translationCache[lang] = {};
+    return {};
+  })();
+
+  loadingPromises[lang] = loadPromise;
+
+  // Clean up promise after completion to allow retry on next call if needed
+  loadPromise.finally(() => {
+    delete loadingPromises[lang];
+  });
+
+  return loadPromise;
+}
+
+function loadTranslations(lang: SupportedLanguage): TranslationDict {
+  // Only return from cache (JS files require async loading)
+  return translationCache[lang] || {};
+}
+
+// String interpolation
+function interpolate(
+  template: string,
+  params?: Record<string, string>,
+): string {
+  if (!params) return template;
+  return template.replace(
+    /\{\{(\w+)\}\}/g,
+    (match, key) => params[key] ?? match,
+  );
+}
+
+// Language setting helpers
+function resolveLanguage(lang: SupportedLanguage | 'auto'): SupportedLanguage {
+  return lang === 'auto' ? detectSystemLanguage() : lang;
+}
+
+// Public API
+export function setLanguage(lang: SupportedLanguage | 'auto'): void {
+  const resolvedLang = resolveLanguage(lang);
+  currentLanguage = resolvedLang;
+
+  // Try to load translations synchronously (from cache only)
+  const loaded = loadTranslations(resolvedLang);
+  translations = loaded;
+
+  // Warn if translations are empty and JS file exists (requires async loading)
+  if (Object.keys(loaded).length === 0) {
+    const userJsPath = getLocalePath(resolvedLang, true);
+    const builtinJsPath = getLocalePath(resolvedLang, false);
+    if (fs.existsSync(userJsPath) || fs.existsSync(builtinJsPath)) {
+      console.warn(
+        `Language file for ${resolvedLang} requires async loading. ` +
+          `Use setLanguageAsync() instead, or call initializeI18n() first.`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export async function setLanguageAsync(
+  lang: SupportedLanguage | 'auto',
+): Promise<void> {
+  currentLanguage = resolveLanguage(lang);
+  translations = await loadTranslationsAsync(currentLanguage);
+}
+
+export function getCurrentLanguage(): SupportedLanguage {
+  return currentLanguage;
+}
+
+export function t(key: string, params?: Record<string, string>): string {
+  const translation = translations[key] ?? key;
+  return interpolate(translation, params);
+}
+
+export async function initializeI18n(
+  lang?: SupportedLanguage | 'auto',
+): Promise<void> {
+  await setLanguageAsync(lang ?? 'auto');
+}

packages/cli/src/services/BuiltinCommandLoader.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { extensionsCommand } from '../ui/commands/extensionsCommand.js';
 import { helpCommand } from '../ui/commands/helpCommand.js';
 import { ideCommand } from '../ui/commands/ideCommand.js';
 import { initCommand } from '../ui/commands/initCommand.js';
+import { languageCommand } from '../ui/commands/languageCommand.js';
 import { mcpCommand } from '../ui/commands/mcpCommand.js';
 import { memoryCommand } from '../ui/commands/memoryCommand.js';
 import { modelCommand } from '../ui/commands/modelCommand.js';
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ export class BuiltinCommandLoader implements ICommandLoader {
       helpCommand,
       await ideCommand(),
       initCommand,
+      languageCommand,
       mcpCommand,
       memoryCommand,
       modelCommand,

packages/cli/src/ui/AppContainer.tsx

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ import { useGitBranchName } from './hooks/useGitBranchName.js';
 import { useExtensionUpdates } from './hooks/useExtensionUpdates.js';
 import { ShellFocusContext } from './contexts/ShellFocusContext.js';
 import { useQuitConfirmation } from './hooks/useQuitConfirmation.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { useWelcomeBack } from './hooks/useWelcomeBack.js';
 import { useDialogClose } from './hooks/useDialogClose.js';
 import { useInitializationAuthError } from './hooks/useInitializationAuthError.js';
@@ -384,7 +385,13 @@ export const AppContainer = (props: AppContainerProps) => {
         settings.merged.security?.auth.selectedType
     ) {
       onAuthError(
-        `Authentication is enforced to be ${settings.merged.security?.auth.enforcedType}, but you are currently using ${settings.merged.security?.auth.selectedType}.`,
+        t(
+          'Authentication is enforced to be {{enforcedType}}, but you are currently using {{currentType}}.',
+          {
+            enforcedType: settings.merged.security?.auth.enforcedType,
+            currentType: settings.merged.security?.auth.selectedType,
+          },
+        ),
       );
     } else if (
       settings.merged.security?.auth?.selectedType &&

packages/cli/src/ui/auth/AuthDialog.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { RadioButtonSelect } from '../components/shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { useUIState } from '../contexts/UIStateContext.js';
 import { useUIActions } from '../contexts/UIActionsContext.js';
 import { useSettings } from '../contexts/SettingsContext.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 function parseDefaultAuthType(
   defaultAuthType: string | undefined,
@@ -39,10 +40,14 @@ export function AuthDialog(): React.JSX.Element {
   const items = [
     {
       key: AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH,
-      label: 'Qwen OAuth',
+      label: t('Qwen OAuth'),
       value: AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH,
     },
-    { key: AuthType.USE_OPENAI, label: 'OpenAI', value: AuthType.USE_OPENAI },
+    {
+      key: AuthType.USE_OPENAI,
+      label: t('OpenAI'),
+      value: AuthType.USE_OPENAI,
+    },
   ];
 
   const initialAuthIndex = Math.max(
@@ -98,7 +103,9 @@ export function AuthDialog(): React.JSX.Element {
         if (settings.merged.security?.auth?.selectedType === undefined) {
           // Prevent exiting if no auth method is set
           setErrorMessage(
-            'You must select an auth method to proceed. Press Ctrl+C again to exit.',
+            t(
+              'You must select an auth method to proceed. Press Ctrl+C again to exit.',
+            ),
           );
           return;
         }
@@ -116,9 +123,9 @@ export function AuthDialog(): React.JSX.Element {
       padding={1}
       width="100%"
     >
-      <Text bold>Get started</Text>
+      <Text bold>{t('Get started')}</Text>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
-        <Text>How would you like to authenticate for this project?</Text>
+        <Text>{t('How would you like to authenticate for this project?')}</Text>
       </Box>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <RadioButtonSelect
@@ -134,19 +141,19 @@ export function AuthDialog(): React.JSX.Element {
         </Box>
       )}
       <Box marginTop={1}>
-        <Text color={Colors.AccentPurple}>(Use Enter to Set Auth)</Text>
+        <Text color={Colors.AccentPurple}>{t('(Use Enter to Set Auth)')}</Text>
       </Box>
       {hasApiKey && currentSelectedAuthType === AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH && (
         <Box marginTop={1}>
           <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-            Note: Your existing API key in settings.json will not be cleared
-            when using Qwen OAuth. You can switch back to OpenAI authentication
-            later if needed.
+            {t(
+              'Note: Your existing API key in settings.json will not be cleared when using Qwen OAuth. You can switch back to OpenAI authentication later if needed.',
+            )}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}
       <Box marginTop={1}>
-        <Text>Terms of Services and Privacy Notice for Qwen Code</Text>
+        <Text>{t('Terms of Services and Privacy Notice for Qwen Code')}</Text>
       </Box>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <Text color={Colors.AccentBlue}>

packages/cli/src/ui/auth/AuthInProgress.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import Spinner from 'ink-spinner';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AuthInProgressProps {
   onTimeout: () => void;
@@ -48,13 +49,13 @@ export function AuthInProgress({
     >
       {timedOut ? (
         <Text color={theme.status.error}>
-          Authentication timed out. Please try again.
+          {t('Authentication timed out. Please try again.')}
         </Text>
       ) : (
         <Box>
           <Text>
-            <Spinner type="dots" /> Waiting for auth... (Press ESC or CTRL+C to
-            cancel)
+            <Spinner type="dots" />{' '}
+            {t('Waiting for auth... (Press ESC or CTRL+C to cancel)')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}

packages/cli/src/ui/auth/useAuth.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import type { OpenAICredentials } from '../components/OpenAIKeyPrompt.js';
 import { useQwenAuth } from '../hooks/useQwenAuth.js';
 import { AuthState, MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import type { HistoryItem } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export type { QwenAuthState } from '../hooks/useQwenAuth.js';
 
@@ -60,7 +61,9 @@ export const useAuthCommand = (
   const handleAuthFailure = useCallback(
     (error: unknown) => {
       setIsAuthenticating(false);
-      const errorMessage = `Failed to authenticate. Message: ${getErrorMessage(error)}`;
+      const errorMessage = t('Failed to authenticate. Message: {{message}}', {
+        message: getErrorMessage(error),
+      });
       onAuthError(errorMessage);
 
       // Log authentication failure
@@ -127,7 +130,9 @@ export const useAuthCommand = (
       addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.INFO,
-          text: `Authenticated successfully with ${authType} credentials.`,
+          text: t('Authenticated successfully with {{authType}} credentials.', {
+            authType,
+          }),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -225,7 +230,13 @@ export const useAuthCommand = (
       )
     ) {
       onAuthError(
-        `Invalid QWEN_DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE value: "${defaultAuthType}". Valid values are: ${[AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH, AuthType.USE_OPENAI].join(', ')}`,
+        t(
+          'Invalid QWEN_DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE value: "{{value}}". Valid values are: {{validValues}}',
+          {
+            value: defaultAuthType,
+            validValues: [AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH, AuthType.USE_OPENAI].join(', '),
+          },
+        ),
       );
     }
   }, [onAuthError]);

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/aboutCommand.ts

@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@ import type { SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { MessageType, type HistoryItemAbout } from '../types.js';
 import { getExtendedSystemInfo } from '../../utils/systemInfo.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const aboutCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'about',
-  description: 'show version info',
+  get description() {
+    return t('show version info');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context) => {
     const systemInfo = await getExtendedSystemInfo(context);

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/agentsCommand.ts

@@ -9,15 +9,20 @@ import {
   type SlashCommand,
   type OpenDialogActionReturn,
 } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const agentsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'agents',
-  description: 'Manage subagents for specialized task delegation.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Manage subagents for specialized task delegation.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [
     {
       name: 'manage',
-      description: 'Manage existing subagents (view, edit, delete).',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Manage existing subagents (view, edit, delete).');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
         type: 'dialog',
@@ -26,7 +31,9 @@ export const agentsCommand: SlashCommand = {
     },
     {
       name: 'create',
-      description: 'Create a new subagent with guided setup.',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Create a new subagent with guided setup.');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
         type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/approvalModeCommand.ts

@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ import type {
   OpenDialogActionReturn,
 } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const approvalModeCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'approval-mode',
-  description: 'View or change the approval mode for tool usage',
+  get description() {
+    return t('View or change the approval mode for tool usage');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     _context: CommandContext,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/authCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import type { OpenDialogActionReturn, SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'auth',
-  description: 'change the auth method',
+  get description() {
+    return t('change the auth method');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (_context, _args): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
     type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/bugCommand.ts

@@ -16,10 +16,13 @@ import {
   getSystemInfoFields,
   getFieldValue,
 } from '../../utils/systemInfoFields.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const bugCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'bug',
-  description: 'submit a bug report',
+  get description() {
+    return t('submit a bug report');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context: CommandContext, args?: string): Promise<void> => {
     const bugDescription = (args || '').trim();

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/chatCommand.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import * as fsPromises from 'node:fs/promises';
 import React from 'react';
 import { Text } from 'ink';
-import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
 import type {
   CommandContext,
   SlashCommand,
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import path from 'node:path';
 import type { HistoryItemWithoutId } from '../types.js';
 import { MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import type { Content } from '@google/genai';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ChatDetail {
   name: string;
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ const getSavedChatTags = async (
 
 const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'list',
-  description: 'List saved conversation checkpoints',
+  get description() {
+    return t('List saved conversation checkpoints');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
     const chatDetails = await getSavedChatTags(context, false);
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: 'No saved conversation checkpoints found.',
+        content: t('No saved conversation checkpoints found.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
       ...chatDetails.map((chat) => chat.name.length),
     );
 
-    let message = 'List of saved conversations:\n\n';
+    let message = t('List of saved conversations:') + '\n\n';
     for (const chat of chatDetails) {
       const paddedName = chat.name.padEnd(maxNameLength, ' ');
       const isoString = chat.mtime.toISOString();
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
       const formattedDate = match ? `${match[1]} ${match[2]}` : 'Invalid Date';
       message += `  - ${paddedName}  (saved on ${formattedDate})\n`;
     }
-    message += `\nNote: Newest last, oldest first`;
+    message += `\n${t('Note: Newest last, oldest first')}`;
     return {
       type: 'message',
       messageType: 'info',
@@ -102,8 +104,11 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'save',
-  description:
-    'Save the current conversation as a checkpoint. Usage: /chat save <tag>',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'Save the current conversation as a checkpoint. Usage: /chat save <tag>',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, args): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn | void> => {
     const tag = args.trim();
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Missing tag. Usage: /chat save <tag>',
+        content: t('Missing tag. Usage: /chat save <tag>'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -126,9 +131,12 @@ const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
           prompt: React.createElement(
             Text,
             null,
-            'A checkpoint with the tag ',
-            React.createElement(Text, { color: theme.text.accent }, tag),
-            ' already exists. Do you want to overwrite it?',
+            t(
+              'A checkpoint with the tag {{tag}} already exists. Do you want to overwrite it?',
+              {
+                tag,
+              },
+            ),
           ),
           originalInvocation: {
             raw: context.invocation?.raw || `/chat save ${tag}`,
@@ -142,7 +150,7 @@ const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'No chat client available to save conversation.',
+        content: t('No chat client available to save conversation.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -152,13 +160,15 @@ const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `Conversation checkpoint saved with tag: ${decodeTagName(tag)}.`,
+        content: t('Conversation checkpoint saved with tag: {{tag}}.', {
+          tag: decodeTagName(tag),
+        }),
       };
     } else {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: 'No conversation found to save.',
+        content: t('No conversation found to save.'),
       };
     }
   },
@@ -167,8 +177,11 @@ const saveCommand: SlashCommand = {
 const resumeCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'resume',
   altNames: ['load'],
-  description:
-    'Resume a conversation from a checkpoint. Usage: /chat resume <tag>',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'Resume a conversation from a checkpoint. Usage: /chat resume <tag>',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, args) => {
     const tag = args.trim();
@@ -176,7 +189,7 @@ const resumeCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Missing tag. Usage: /chat resume <tag>',
+        content: t('Missing tag. Usage: /chat resume <tag>'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +201,9 @@ const resumeCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `No saved checkpoint found with tag: ${decodeTagName(tag)}.`,
+        content: t('No saved checkpoint found with tag: {{tag}}.', {
+          tag: decodeTagName(tag),
+        }),
       };
     }
 
@@ -237,7 +252,9 @@ const resumeCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 const deleteCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'delete',
-  description: 'Delete a conversation checkpoint. Usage: /chat delete <tag>',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Delete a conversation checkpoint. Usage: /chat delete <tag>');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, args): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
     const tag = args.trim();
@@ -245,7 +262,7 @@ const deleteCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Missing tag. Usage: /chat delete <tag>',
+        content: t('Missing tag. Usage: /chat delete <tag>'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -257,13 +274,17 @@ const deleteCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `Conversation checkpoint '${decodeTagName(tag)}' has been deleted.`,
+        content: t("Conversation checkpoint '{{tag}}' has been deleted.", {
+          tag: decodeTagName(tag),
+        }),
       };
     } else {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `Error: No checkpoint found with tag '${decodeTagName(tag)}'.`,
+        content: t("Error: No checkpoint found with tag '{{tag}}'.", {
+          tag: decodeTagName(tag),
+        }),
       };
     }
   },
@@ -309,8 +330,11 @@ export function serializeHistoryToMarkdown(history: Content[]): string {
 
 const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'share',
-  description:
-    'Share the current conversation to a markdown or json file. Usage: /chat share <file>',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'Share the current conversation to a markdown or json file. Usage: /chat share <file>',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, args): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
     let filePathArg = args.trim();
@@ -324,7 +348,7 @@ const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Invalid file format. Only .md and .json are supported.',
+        content: t('Invalid file format. Only .md and .json are supported.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -333,7 +357,7 @@ const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'No chat client available to share conversation.',
+        content: t('No chat client available to share conversation.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -346,7 +370,7 @@ const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: 'No conversation found to share.',
+        content: t('No conversation found to share.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -362,14 +386,18 @@ const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `Conversation shared to ${filePath}`,
+        content: t('Conversation shared to {{filePath}}', {
+          filePath,
+        }),
       };
     } catch (err) {
       const errorMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `Error sharing conversation: ${errorMessage}`,
+        content: t('Error sharing conversation: {{error}}', {
+          error: errorMessage,
+        }),
       };
     }
   },
@@ -377,7 +405,9 @@ const shareCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 export const chatCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'chat',
-  description: 'Manage conversation history.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Manage conversation history.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [
     listCommand,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/clearCommand.ts

@@ -7,21 +7,24 @@
 import { uiTelemetryService } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import type { SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const clearCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'clear',
-  description: 'clear the screen and conversation history',
+  get description() {
+    return t('clear the screen and conversation history');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, _args) => {
     const geminiClient = context.services.config?.getGeminiClient();
 
     if (geminiClient) {
-      context.ui.setDebugMessage('Clearing terminal and resetting chat.');
+      context.ui.setDebugMessage(t('Clearing terminal and resetting chat.'));
       // If resetChat fails, the exception will propagate and halt the command,
       // which is the correct behavior to signal a failure to the user.
       await geminiClient.resetChat();
     } else {
-      context.ui.setDebugMessage('Clearing terminal.');
+      context.ui.setDebugMessage(t('Clearing terminal.'));
     }
 
     uiTelemetryService.setLastPromptTokenCount(0);

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/compressCommand.ts

@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ import type { HistoryItemCompression } from '../types.js';
 import { MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import type { SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'compress',
   altNames: ['summarize'],
-  description: 'Compresses the context by replacing it with a summary.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Compresses the context by replacing it with a summary.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context) => {
     const { ui } = context;
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.ERROR,
-          text: 'Already compressing, wait for previous request to complete',
+          text: t('Already compressing, wait for previous request to complete'),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
         ui.addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.ERROR,
-            text: 'Failed to compress chat history.',
+            text: t('Failed to compress chat history.'),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );
@@ -69,9 +72,9 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.ERROR,
-          text: `Failed to compress chat history: ${
-            e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)
-          }`,
+          text: t('Failed to compress chat history: {{error}}', {
+            error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
+          }),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/copyCommand.ts

@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@
 import { copyToClipboard } from '../utils/commandUtils.js';
 import type { SlashCommand, SlashCommandActionReturn } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const copyCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'copy',
-  description: 'Copy the last result or code snippet to clipboard',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Copy the last result or code snippet to clipboard');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, _args): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn | void> => {
     const chat = await context.services.config?.getGeminiClient()?.getChat();

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/directoryCommand.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import * as os from 'node:os';
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { loadServerHierarchicalMemory } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function expandHomeDir(p: string): string {
   if (!p) {
@@ -27,13 +28,18 @@ export function expandHomeDir(p: string): string {
 export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'directory',
   altNames: ['dir'],
-  description: 'Manage workspace directories',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Manage workspace directories');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [
     {
       name: 'add',
-      description:
-        'Add directories to the workspace. Use comma to separate multiple paths',
+      get description() {
+        return t(
+          'Add directories to the workspace. Use comma to separate multiple paths',
+        );
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: async (context: CommandContext, args: string) => {
         const {
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           addItem(
             {
               type: MessageType.ERROR,
-              text: 'Configuration is not available.',
+              text: t('Configuration is not available.'),
             },
             Date.now(),
           );
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           addItem(
             {
               type: MessageType.ERROR,
-              text: 'Please provide at least one path to add.',
+              text: t('Please provide at least one path to add.'),
             },
             Date.now(),
           );
@@ -74,8 +80,9 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           return {
             type: 'message' as const,
             messageType: 'error' as const,
-            content:
+            content: t(
               'The /directory add command is not supported in restrictive sandbox profiles. Please use --include-directories when starting the session instead.',
+            ),
           };
         }
 
@@ -88,7 +95,12 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
             added.push(pathToAdd.trim());
           } catch (e) {
             const error = e as Error;
-            errors.push(`Error adding '${pathToAdd.trim()}': ${error.message}`);
+            errors.push(
+              t("Error adding '{{path}}': {{error}}", {
+                path: pathToAdd.trim(),
+                error: error.message,
+              }),
+            );
           }
         }
 
@@ -117,12 +129,21 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           addItem(
             {
               type: MessageType.INFO,
-              text: `Successfully added GEMINI.md files from the following directories if there are:\n- ${added.join('\n- ')}`,
+              text: t(
+                'Successfully added GEMINI.md files from the following directories if there are:\n- {{directories}}',
+                {
+                  directories: added.join('\n- '),
+                },
+              ),
             },
             Date.now(),
           );
         } catch (error) {
-          errors.push(`Error refreshing memory: ${(error as Error).message}`);
+          errors.push(
+            t('Error refreshing memory: {{error}}', {
+              error: (error as Error).message,
+            }),
+          );
         }
 
         if (added.length > 0) {
@@ -133,7 +154,9 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           addItem(
             {
               type: MessageType.INFO,
-              text: `Successfully added directories:\n- ${added.join('\n- ')}`,
+              text: t('Successfully added directories:\n- {{directories}}', {
+                directories: added.join('\n- '),
+              }),
             },
             Date.now(),
           );
@@ -150,7 +173,9 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
     },
     {
       name: 'show',
-      description: 'Show all directories in the workspace',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Show all directories in the workspace');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: async (context: CommandContext) => {
         const {
@@ -161,7 +186,7 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           addItem(
             {
               type: MessageType.ERROR,
-              text: 'Configuration is not available.',
+              text: t('Configuration is not available.'),
             },
             Date.now(),
           );
@@ -173,7 +198,9 @@ export const directoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
         addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.INFO,
-            text: `Current workspace directories:\n${directoryList}`,
+            text: t('Current workspace directories:\n{{directories}}', {
+              directories: directoryList,
+            }),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/docsCommand.ts

@@ -12,19 +12,28 @@ import {
   CommandKind,
 } from './types.js';
 import { MessageType } from '../types.js';
+import { t, getCurrentLanguage } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const docsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'docs',
-  description: 'open full Qwen Code documentation in your browser',
+  get description() {
+    return t('open full Qwen Code documentation in your browser');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context: CommandContext): Promise<void> => {
-    const docsUrl = 'https://qwenlm.github.io/qwen-code-docs/en';
+    const langPath = getCurrentLanguage()?.startsWith('zh') ? 'zh' : 'en';
+    const docsUrl = `https://qwenlm.github.io/qwen-code-docs/${langPath}`;
 
     if (process.env['SANDBOX'] && process.env['SANDBOX'] !== 'sandbox-exec') {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.INFO,
-          text: `Please open the following URL in your browser to view the documentation:\n${docsUrl}`,
+          text: t(
+            'Please open the following URL in your browser to view the documentation:\n{{url}}',
+            {
+              url: docsUrl,
+            },
+          ),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -32,7 +41,9 @@ export const docsCommand: SlashCommand = {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.INFO,
-          text: `Opening documentation in your browser: ${docsUrl}`,
+          text: t('Opening documentation in your browser: {{url}}', {
+            url: docsUrl,
+          }),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/editorCommand.ts

@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import {
   type OpenDialogActionReturn,
   type SlashCommand,
 } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const editorCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'editor',
-  description: 'set external editor preference',
+  get description() {
+    return t('set external editor preference');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
     type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/extensionsCommand.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   type SlashCommand,
   CommandKind,
 } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 async function listAction(context: CommandContext) {
   context.ui.addItem(
@@ -131,14 +132,18 @@ async function updateAction(context: CommandContext, args: string) {
 
 const listExtensionsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'list',
-  description: 'List active extensions',
+  get description() {
+    return t('List active extensions');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: listAction,
 };
 
 const updateExtensionsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'update',
-  description: 'Update extensions. Usage: update <extension-names>|--all',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Update extensions. Usage: update <extension-names>|--all');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: updateAction,
   completion: async (context, partialArg) => {
@@ -158,7 +163,9 @@ const updateExtensionsCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 export const extensionsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'extensions',
-  description: 'Manage extensions',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Manage extensions');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [listExtensionsCommand, updateExtensionsCommand],
   action: (context, args) =>

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/helpCommand.ts

@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@
 import type { SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { MessageType, type HistoryItemHelp } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const helpCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'help',
   altNames: ['?'],
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
-  description: 'for help on Qwen Code',
+  get description() {
+    return t('for help on Qwen Code');
+  },
   action: async (context) => {
     const helpItem: Omit<HistoryItemHelp, 'id'> = {
       type: MessageType.HELP,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/ideCommand.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import type {
 } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 function getIdeStatusMessage(ideClient: IdeClient): {
   messageType: 'info' | 'error';
@@ -138,27 +139,35 @@ export const ideCommand = async (): Promise<SlashCommand> => {
   if (!currentIDE) {
     return {
       name: 'ide',
-      description: 'manage IDE integration',
+      get description() {
+        return t('manage IDE integration');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (): SlashCommandActionReturn =>
         ({
           type: 'message',
           messageType: 'error',
-          content: `IDE integration is not supported in your current environment. To use this feature, run Qwen Code in one of these supported IDEs: VS Code or VS Code forks.`,
+          content: t(
+            'IDE integration is not supported in your current environment. To use this feature, run Qwen Code in one of these supported IDEs: VS Code or VS Code forks.',
+          ),
         }) as const,
     };
   }
 
   const ideSlashCommand: SlashCommand = {
     name: 'ide',
-    description: 'manage IDE integration',
+    get description() {
+      return t('manage IDE integration');
+    },
     kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
     subCommands: [],
   };
 
   const statusCommand: SlashCommand = {
     name: 'status',
-    description: 'check status of IDE integration',
+    get description() {
+      return t('check status of IDE integration');
+    },
     kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
     action: async (): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn> => {
       const { messageType, content } =
@@ -173,7 +182,12 @@ export const ideCommand = async (): Promise<SlashCommand> => {
 
   const installCommand: SlashCommand = {
     name: 'install',
-    description: `install required IDE companion for ${ideClient.getDetectedIdeDisplayName()}`,
+    get description() {
+      const ideName = ideClient.getDetectedIdeDisplayName() ?? 'IDE';
+      return t('install required IDE companion for {{ideName}}', {
+        ideName,
+      });
+    },
     kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
     action: async (context) => {
       const installer = getIdeInstaller(currentIDE);
@@ -246,7 +260,9 @@ export const ideCommand = async (): Promise<SlashCommand> => {
 
   const enableCommand: SlashCommand = {
     name: 'enable',
-    description: 'enable IDE integration',
+    get description() {
+      return t('enable IDE integration');
+    },
     kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
     action: async (context: CommandContext) => {
       context.services.settings.setValue(
@@ -268,7 +284,9 @@ export const ideCommand = async (): Promise<SlashCommand> => {
 
   const disableCommand: SlashCommand = {
     name: 'disable',
-    description: 'disable IDE integration',
+    get description() {
+      return t('disable IDE integration');
+    },
     kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
     action: async (context: CommandContext) => {
       context.services.settings.setValue(

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/initCommand.ts

@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ import { getCurrentGeminiMdFilename } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { Text } from 'ink';
 import React from 'react';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const initCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'init',
-  description: 'Analyzes the project and creates a tailored QWEN.md file.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Analyzes the project and creates a tailored QWEN.md file.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ export const initCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Configuration not available.',
+        content: t('Configuration not available.'),
       };
     }
     const targetDir = context.services.config.getTargetDir();

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/languageCommand.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import type {
+  SlashCommand,
+  CommandContext,
+  SlashCommandActionReturn,
+  MessageActionReturn,
+} from './types.js';
+import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
+import {
+  setLanguageAsync,
+  getCurrentLanguage,
+  type SupportedLanguage,
+  t,
+} from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { Storage } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+
+const LLM_OUTPUT_LANGUAGE_RULE_FILENAME = 'output-language.md';
+
+/**
+ * Generates the LLM output language rule template based on the language name.
+ */
+function generateLlmOutputLanguageRule(language: string): string {
+  return `# ⚠️ CRITICAL: ${language} Output Language Rule - HIGHEST PRIORITY ⚠️
+
+## 🚨 MANDATORY RULE - NO EXCEPTIONS 🚨
+
+**YOU MUST RESPOND IN ${language.toUpperCase()} FOR EVERY SINGLE OUTPUT, REGARDLESS OF THE USER'S INPUT LANGUAGE.**
+
+This is a **NON-NEGOTIABLE** requirement. Even if the user writes in English, says "hi", asks a simple question, or explicitly requests another language, **YOU MUST ALWAYS RESPOND IN ${language.toUpperCase()}.**
+
+## What Must Be in ${language}
+
+**EVERYTHING** you output: conversation replies, tool call descriptions, success/error messages, generated file content (comments, documentation), and all explanatory text.
+
+**Tool outputs**: All descriptive text from \`read_file\`, \`write_file\`, \`codebase_search\`, \`run_terminal_cmd\`, \`todo_write\`, \`web_search\`, etc. MUST be in ${language}.
+
+## Examples
+
+### ✅ CORRECT:
+- User says "hi" → Respond in ${language} (e.g., "Bonjour" if ${language} is French)
+- Tool result → "已成功读取文件 config.json" (if ${language} is Chinese)
+- Error → "无法找到指定的文件" (if ${language} is Chinese)
+
+### ❌ WRONG:
+- User says "hi" → "Hello" in English
+- Tool result → "Successfully read file" in English
+- Error → "File not found" in English
+
+## Notes
+
+- Code elements (variable/function names, syntax) can remain in English
+- Comments, documentation, and all other text MUST be in ${language}
+
+**THIS RULE IS ACTIVE NOW. ALL OUTPUTS MUST BE IN ${language.toUpperCase()}. NO EXCEPTIONS.**
+`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the path to the LLM output language rule file.
+ */
+function getLlmOutputLanguageRulePath(): string {
+  return path.join(
+    Storage.getGlobalQwenDir(),
+    LLM_OUTPUT_LANGUAGE_RULE_FILENAME,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the current LLM output language from the rule file if it exists.
+ */
+function getCurrentLlmOutputLanguage(): string | null {
+  const filePath = getLlmOutputLanguageRulePath();
+  if (fs.existsSync(filePath)) {
+    try {
+      const content = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
+      // Extract language name from the first line (e.g., "# Chinese Response Rules" -> "Chinese")
+      const match = content.match(/^#\s+(.+?)\s+Response Rules/i);
+      if (match) {
+        return match[1];
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore errors
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the UI language and persists it to settings.
+ */
+async function setUiLanguage(
+  context: CommandContext,
+  lang: SupportedLanguage,
+): Promise<MessageActionReturn> {
+  const { services } = context;
+  const { settings } = services;
+
+  if (!services.config) {
+    return {
+      type: 'message',
+      messageType: 'error',
+      content: t('Configuration not available.'),
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Set language in i18n system (async to support JS translation files)
+  await setLanguageAsync(lang);
+
+  // Persist to settings (user scope)
+  if (settings && typeof settings.setValue === 'function') {
+    try {
+      settings.setValue(SettingScope.User, 'general.language', lang);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('Failed to save language setting:', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Reload commands to update their descriptions with the new language
+  context.ui.reloadCommands();
+
+  // Map language codes to friendly display names
+  const langDisplayNames: Record<SupportedLanguage, string> = {
+    zh: '中文（zh-CN）',
+    en: 'English（en-US）',
+  };
+
+  return {
+    type: 'message',
+    messageType: 'info',
+    content: t('UI language changed to {{lang}}', {
+      lang: langDisplayNames[lang],
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates the LLM output language rule file.
+ */
+function generateLlmOutputLanguageRuleFile(
+  language: string,
+): Promise<MessageActionReturn> {
+  try {
+    const filePath = getLlmOutputLanguageRulePath();
+    const content = generateLlmOutputLanguageRule(language);
+
+    // Ensure directory exists
+    const dir = path.dirname(filePath);
+    fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
+
+    // Write file (overwrite if exists)
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, content, 'utf-8');
+
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      type: 'message',
+      messageType: 'info',
+      content: [
+        t('LLM output language rule file generated at {{path}}', {
+          path: filePath,
+        }),
+        '',
+        t('Please restart the application for the changes to take effect.'),
+      ].join('\n'),
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      type: 'message',
+      messageType: 'error',
+      content: t(
+        'Failed to generate LLM output language rule file: {{error}}',
+        {
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        },
+      ),
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+export const languageCommand: SlashCommand = {
+  name: 'language',
+  get description() {
+    return t('View or change the language setting');
+  },
+  kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+  action: async (
+    context: CommandContext,
+    args: string,
+  ): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn> => {
+    const { services } = context;
+
+    if (!services.config) {
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'error',
+        content: t('Configuration not available.'),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const trimmedArgs = args.trim();
+
+    // If no arguments, show current language settings and usage
+    if (!trimmedArgs) {
+      const currentUiLang = getCurrentLanguage();
+      const currentLlmLang = getCurrentLlmOutputLanguage();
+      const message = [
+        t('Current UI language: {{lang}}', { lang: currentUiLang }),
+        currentLlmLang
+          ? t('Current LLM output language: {{lang}}', { lang: currentLlmLang })
+          : t('LLM output language not set'),
+        '',
+        t('Available subcommands:'),
+        `  /language ui [zh-CN|en-US] - ${t('Set UI language')}`,
+        `  /language output <language> - ${t('Set LLM output language')}`,
+      ].join('\n');
+
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'info',
+        content: message,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Parse subcommand
+    const parts = trimmedArgs.split(/\s+/);
+    const subcommand = parts[0].toLowerCase();
+
+    if (subcommand === 'ui') {
+      // Handle /language ui [zh-CN|en-US]
+      if (parts.length === 1) {
+        // Show UI language subcommand help
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'info',
+          content: [
+            t('Set UI language'),
+            '',
+            t('Usage: /language ui [zh-CN|en-US]'),
+            '',
+            t('Available options:'),
+            t('  - zh-CN: Simplified Chinese'),
+            t('  - en-US: English'),
+            '',
+            t(
+              'To request additional UI language packs, please open an issue on GitHub.',
+            ),
+          ].join('\n'),
+        };
+      }
+
+      const langArg = parts[1].toLowerCase();
+      let targetLang: SupportedLanguage | null = null;
+
+      if (langArg === 'en' || langArg === 'english' || langArg === 'en-us') {
+        targetLang = 'en';
+      } else if (
+        langArg === 'zh' ||
+        langArg === 'chinese' ||
+        langArg === '中文' ||
+        langArg === 'zh-cn'
+      ) {
+        targetLang = 'zh';
+      } else {
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'error',
+          content: t('Invalid language. Available: en-US, zh-CN'),
+        };
+      }
+
+      return setUiLanguage(context, targetLang);
+    } else if (subcommand === 'output') {
+      // Handle /language output <language>
+      if (parts.length === 1) {
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'info',
+          content: [
+            t('Set LLM output language'),
+            '',
+            t('Usage: /language output <language>'),
+            `  ${t('Example: /language output 中文')}`,
+          ].join('\n'),
+        };
+      }
+
+      // Join all parts after "output" as the language name
+      const language = parts.slice(1).join(' ');
+      return generateLlmOutputLanguageRuleFile(language);
+    } else {
+      // Backward compatibility: treat as UI language
+      const langArg = trimmedArgs.toLowerCase();
+      let targetLang: SupportedLanguage | null = null;
+
+      if (langArg === 'en' || langArg === 'english' || langArg === 'en-us') {
+        targetLang = 'en';
+      } else if (
+        langArg === 'zh' ||
+        langArg === 'chinese' ||
+        langArg === '中文' ||
+        langArg === 'zh-cn'
+      ) {
+        targetLang = 'zh';
+      } else {
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'error',
+          content: [
+            t('Invalid command. Available subcommands:'),
+            '  - /language ui [zh-CN|en-US] - ' + t('Set UI language'),
+            '  - /language output <language> - ' + t('Set LLM output language'),
+          ].join('\n'),
+        };
+      }
+
+      return setUiLanguage(context, targetLang);
+    }
+  },
+  subCommands: [
+    {
+      name: 'ui',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Set UI language');
+      },
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: async (
+        context: CommandContext,
+        args: string,
+      ): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
+        const trimmedArgs = args.trim();
+        if (!trimmedArgs) {
+          return {
+            type: 'message',
+            messageType: 'info',
+            content: [
+              t('Set UI language'),
+              '',
+              t('Usage: /language ui [zh-CN|en-US]'),
+              '',
+              t('Available options:'),
+              t('  - zh-CN: Simplified Chinese'),
+              t('  - en-US: English'),
+              '',
+              t(
+                'To request additional UI language packs, please open an issue on GitHub.',
+              ),
+            ].join('\n'),
+          };
+        }
+
+        const langArg = trimmedArgs.toLowerCase();
+        let targetLang: SupportedLanguage | null = null;
+
+        if (langArg === 'en' || langArg === 'english' || langArg === 'en-us') {
+          targetLang = 'en';
+        } else if (
+          langArg === 'zh' ||
+          langArg === 'chinese' ||
+          langArg === '中文' ||
+          langArg === 'zh-cn'
+        ) {
+          targetLang = 'zh';
+        } else {
+          return {
+            type: 'message',
+            messageType: 'error',
+            content: t('Invalid language. Available: en-US, zh-CN'),
+          };
+        }
+
+        return setUiLanguage(context, targetLang);
+      },
+      subCommands: [
+        {
+          name: 'zh-CN',
+          altNames: ['zh', 'chinese', '中文'],
+          get description() {
+            return t('Set UI language to Simplified Chinese (zh-CN)');
+          },
+          kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+          action: async (
+            context: CommandContext,
+            args: string,
+          ): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
+            if (args.trim().length > 0) {
+              return {
+                type: 'message',
+                messageType: 'error',
+                content: t(
+                  'Language subcommands do not accept additional arguments.',
+                ),
+              };
+            }
+            return setUiLanguage(context, 'zh');
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          name: 'en-US',
+          altNames: ['en', 'english'],
+          get description() {
+            return t('Set UI language to English (en-US)');
+          },
+          kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+          action: async (
+            context: CommandContext,
+            args: string,
+          ): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
+            if (args.trim().length > 0) {
+              return {
+                type: 'message',
+                messageType: 'error',
+                content: t(
+                  'Language subcommands do not accept additional arguments.',
+                ),
+              };
+            }
+            return setUiLanguage(context, 'en');
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'output',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Set LLM output language');
+      },
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: async (
+        context: CommandContext,
+        args: string,
+      ): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
+        const trimmedArgs = args.trim();
+        if (!trimmedArgs) {
+          return {
+            type: 'message',
+            messageType: 'info',
+            content: [
+              t('Set LLM output language'),
+              '',
+              t('Usage: /language output <language>'),
+              `  ${t('Example: /language output 中文')}`,
+              `  ${t('Example: /language output English')}`,
+              `  ${t('Example: /language output 日本語')}`,
+            ].join('\n'),
+          };
+        }
+
+        return generateLlmOutputLanguageRuleFile(trimmedArgs);
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+};

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/mcpCommand.ts

@@ -24,10 +24,13 @@ import {
 } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { appEvents, AppEvent } from '../../utils/events.js';
 import { MessageType, type HistoryItemMcpStatus } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'auth',
-  description: 'Authenticate with an OAuth-enabled MCP server',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Authenticate with an OAuth-enabled MCP server');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Config not loaded.',
+        content: t('Config not loaded.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -56,14 +59,14 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
         return {
           type: 'message',
           messageType: 'info',
-          content: 'No MCP servers configured with OAuth authentication.',
+          content: t('No MCP servers configured with OAuth authentication.'),
         };
       }
 
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `MCP servers with OAuth authentication:\n${oauthServers.map((s) => `  - ${s}`).join('\n')}\n\nUse /mcp auth <server-name> to authenticate.`,
+        content: `${t('MCP servers with OAuth authentication:')}\n${oauthServers.map((s) => `  - ${s}`).join('\n')}\n\n${t('Use /mcp auth <server-name> to authenticate.')}`,
       };
     }
 
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `MCP server '${serverName}' not found.`,
+        content: t("MCP server '{{name}}' not found.", { name: serverName }),
       };
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +92,12 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'info',
-          text: `Starting OAuth authentication for MCP server '${serverName}'...`,
+          text: t(
+            "Starting OAuth authentication for MCP server '{{name}}'...",
+            {
+              name: serverName,
+            },
+          ),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -111,7 +119,12 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'info',
-          text: `✅ Successfully authenticated with MCP server '${serverName}'!`,
+          text: t(
+            "Successfully authenticated and refreshed tools for '{{name}}'.",
+            {
+              name: serverName,
+            },
+          ),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -122,7 +135,9 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
         context.ui.addItem(
           {
             type: 'info',
-            text: `Re-discovering tools from '${serverName}'...`,
+            text: t("Re-discovering tools from '{{name}}'...", {
+              name: serverName,
+            }),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );
@@ -140,13 +155,24 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'info',
-        content: `Successfully authenticated and refreshed tools for '${serverName}'.`,
+        content: t(
+          "Successfully authenticated and refreshed tools for '{{name}}'.",
+          {
+            name: serverName,
+          },
+        ),
       };
     } catch (error) {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `Failed to authenticate with MCP server '${serverName}': ${getErrorMessage(error)}`,
+        content: t(
+          "Failed to authenticate with MCP server '{{name}}': {{error}}",
+          {
+            name: serverName,
+            error: getErrorMessage(error),
+          },
+        ),
       };
     } finally {
       appEvents.removeListener(AppEvent.OauthDisplayMessage, displayListener);
@@ -165,7 +191,9 @@ const authCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'list',
-  description: 'List configured MCP servers and tools',
+  get description() {
+    return t('List configured MCP servers and tools');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,
@@ -176,7 +204,7 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Config not loaded.',
+        content: t('Config not loaded.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -185,7 +213,7 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Could not retrieve tool registry.',
+        content: t('Could not retrieve tool registry.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -276,7 +304,9 @@ const listCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 const refreshCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'refresh',
-  description: 'Restarts MCP servers.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Restarts MCP servers.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,
@@ -286,7 +316,7 @@ const refreshCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Config not loaded.',
+        content: t('Config not loaded.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -295,14 +325,14 @@ const refreshCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Could not retrieve tool registry.',
+        content: t('Could not retrieve tool registry.'),
       };
     }
 
     context.ui.addItem(
       {
         type: 'info',
-        text: 'Restarting MCP servers...',
+        text: t('Restarting MCP servers...'),
       },
       Date.now(),
     );
@@ -324,8 +354,11 @@ const refreshCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
 export const mcpCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'mcp',
-  description:
-    'list configured MCP servers and tools, or authenticate with OAuth-enabled servers',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'list configured MCP servers and tools, or authenticate with OAuth-enabled servers',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [listCommand, authCommand, refreshCommand],
   // Default action when no subcommand is provided

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/memoryCommand.ts

@@ -15,15 +15,20 @@ import fs from 'fs/promises';
 import { MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import type { SlashCommand, SlashCommandActionReturn } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'memory',
-  description: 'Commands for interacting with memory.',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Commands for interacting with memory.');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   subCommands: [
     {
       name: 'show',
-      description: 'Show the current memory contents.',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Show the current memory contents.');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: async (context) => {
         const memoryContent = context.services.config?.getUserMemory() || '';
@@ -31,8 +36,8 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
         const messageContent =
           memoryContent.length > 0
-            ? `Current memory content from ${fileCount} file(s):\n\n---\n${memoryContent}\n---`
-            : 'Memory is currently empty.';
+            ? `${t('Current memory content from {{count}} file(s):', { count: String(fileCount) })}\n\n---\n${memoryContent}\n---`
+            : t('Memory is currently empty.');
 
         context.ui.addItem(
           {
@@ -45,7 +50,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       subCommands: [
         {
           name: '--project',
-          description: 'Show project-level memory contents.',
+          get description() {
+            return t('Show project-level memory contents.');
+          },
           kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
           action: async (context) => {
             try {
@@ -57,8 +64,14 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
               const messageContent =
                 memoryContent.trim().length > 0
-                  ? `Project memory content from ${projectMemoryPath}:\n\n---\n${memoryContent}\n---`
-                  : 'Project memory is currently empty.';
+                  ? t(
+                      'Project memory content from {{path}}:\n\n---\n{{content}}\n---',
+                      {
+                        path: projectMemoryPath,
+                        content: memoryContent,
+                      },
+                    )
+                  : t('Project memory is currently empty.');
 
               context.ui.addItem(
                 {
@@ -71,7 +84,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
               context.ui.addItem(
                 {
                   type: MessageType.INFO,
-                  text: 'Project memory file not found or is currently empty.',
+                  text: t(
+                    'Project memory file not found or is currently empty.',
+                  ),
                 },
                 Date.now(),
               );
@@ -80,7 +95,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
         },
         {
           name: '--global',
-          description: 'Show global memory contents.',
+          get description() {
+            return t('Show global memory contents.');
+          },
           kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
           action: async (context) => {
             try {
@@ -96,8 +113,10 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
               const messageContent =
                 globalMemoryContent.trim().length > 0
-                  ? `Global memory content:\n\n---\n${globalMemoryContent}\n---`
-                  : 'Global memory is currently empty.';
+                  ? t('Global memory content:\n\n---\n{{content}}\n---', {
+                      content: globalMemoryContent,
+                    })
+                  : t('Global memory is currently empty.');
 
               context.ui.addItem(
                 {
@@ -110,7 +129,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
               context.ui.addItem(
                 {
                   type: MessageType.INFO,
-                  text: 'Global memory file not found or is currently empty.',
+                  text: t(
+                    'Global memory file not found or is currently empty.',
+                  ),
                 },
                 Date.now(),
               );
@@ -121,16 +142,20 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
     },
     {
       name: 'add',
-      description:
-        'Add content to the memory. Use --global for global memory or --project for project memory.',
+      get description() {
+        return t(
+          'Add content to the memory. Use --global for global memory or --project for project memory.',
+        );
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (context, args): SlashCommandActionReturn | void => {
         if (!args || args.trim() === '') {
           return {
             type: 'message',
             messageType: 'error',
-            content:
+            content: t(
               'Usage: /memory add [--global|--project] <text to remember>',
+            ),
           };
         }
 
@@ -150,8 +175,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           return {
             type: 'message',
             messageType: 'error',
-            content:
+            content: t(
               'Usage: /memory add [--global|--project] <text to remember>',
+            ),
           };
         } else {
           // No scope specified, will be handled by the tool
@@ -162,8 +188,9 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
           return {
             type: 'message',
             messageType: 'error',
-            content:
+            content: t(
               'Usage: /memory add [--global|--project] <text to remember>',
+            ),
           };
         }
 
@@ -171,7 +198,10 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
         context.ui.addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.INFO,
-            text: `Attempting to save to memory ${scopeText}: "${fact}"`,
+            text: t('Attempting to save to memory {{scope}}: "{{fact}}"', {
+              scope: scopeText,
+              fact,
+            }),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );
@@ -185,21 +215,25 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       subCommands: [
         {
           name: '--project',
-          description: 'Add content to project-level memory.',
+          get description() {
+            return t('Add content to project-level memory.');
+          },
           kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
           action: (context, args): SlashCommandActionReturn | void => {
             if (!args || args.trim() === '') {
               return {
                 type: 'message',
                 messageType: 'error',
-                content: 'Usage: /memory add --project <text to remember>',
+                content: t('Usage: /memory add --project <text to remember>'),
               };
             }
 
             context.ui.addItem(
               {
                 type: MessageType.INFO,
-                text: `Attempting to save to project memory: "${args.trim()}"`,
+                text: t('Attempting to save to project memory: "{{text}}"', {
+                  text: args.trim(),
+                }),
               },
               Date.now(),
             );
@@ -213,21 +247,25 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
         },
         {
           name: '--global',
-          description: 'Add content to global memory.',
+          get description() {
+            return t('Add content to global memory.');
+          },
           kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
           action: (context, args): SlashCommandActionReturn | void => {
             if (!args || args.trim() === '') {
               return {
                 type: 'message',
                 messageType: 'error',
-                content: 'Usage: /memory add --global <text to remember>',
+                content: t('Usage: /memory add --global <text to remember>'),
               };
             }
 
             context.ui.addItem(
               {
                 type: MessageType.INFO,
-                text: `Attempting to save to global memory: "${args.trim()}"`,
+                text: t('Attempting to save to global memory: "{{text}}"', {
+                  text: args.trim(),
+                }),
               },
               Date.now(),
             );
@@ -243,13 +281,15 @@ export const memoryCommand: SlashCommand = {
     },
     {
       name: 'refresh',
-      description: 'Refresh the memory from the source.',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Refresh the memory from the source.');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: async (context) => {
         context.ui.addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.INFO,
-            text: 'Refreshing memory from source files...',
+            text: t('Refreshing memory from source files...'),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/modelCommand.ts

@@ -12,10 +12,13 @@ import type {
 } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { getAvailableModelsForAuthType } from '../models/availableModels.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const modelCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'model',
-  description: 'Switch the model for this session',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Switch the model for this session');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ export const modelCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Content generator configuration not available.',
+        content: t('Content generator configuration not available.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ export const modelCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Authentication type not available.',
+        content: t('Authentication type not available.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -55,7 +58,12 @@ export const modelCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `No models available for the current authentication type (${authType}).`,
+        content: t(
+          'No models available for the current authentication type ({{authType}}).',
+          {
+            authType,
+          },
+        ),
       };
     }
 

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/permissionsCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import type { OpenDialogActionReturn, SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const permissionsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'permissions',
-  description: 'Manage folder trust settings',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Manage folder trust settings');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
     type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/quitCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import { formatDuration } from '../utils/formatters.js';
 import { CommandKind, type SlashCommand } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const quitConfirmCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'quit-confirm',
-  description: 'Show quit confirmation dialog',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Show quit confirmation dialog');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (context) => {
     const now = Date.now();
@@ -37,7 +40,9 @@ export const quitConfirmCommand: SlashCommand = {
 export const quitCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'quit',
   altNames: ['exit'],
-  description: 'exit the cli',
+  get description() {
+    return t('exit the cli');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (context) => {
     const now = Date.now();

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/settingsCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import type { OpenDialogActionReturn, SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const settingsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'settings',
-  description: 'View and edit Qwen Code settings',
+  get description() {
+    return t('View and edit Qwen Code settings');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (_context, _args): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
     type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/setupGithubCommand.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
 import type { SlashCommand, SlashCommandActionReturn } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { getUrlOpenCommand } from '../../ui/utils/commandUtils.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const GITHUB_WORKFLOW_PATHS = [
   'gemini-dispatch/gemini-dispatch.yml',
@@ -91,7 +92,9 @@ export async function updateGitignore(gitRepoRoot: string): Promise<void> {
 
 export const setupGithubCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'setup-github',
-  description: 'Set up GitHub Actions',
+  get description() {
+    return t('Set up GitHub Actions');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (
     context: CommandContext,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/statsCommand.ts

@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@ import {
   type SlashCommand,
   CommandKind,
 } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const statsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'stats',
   altNames: ['usage'],
-  description: 'check session stats. Usage: /stats [model|tools]',
+  get description() {
+    return t('check session stats. Usage: /stats [model|tools]');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (context: CommandContext) => {
     const now = new Date();
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ export const statsCommand: SlashCommand = {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.ERROR,
-          text: 'Session start time is unavailable, cannot calculate stats.',
+          text: t('Session start time is unavailable, cannot calculate stats.'),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -43,7 +46,9 @@ export const statsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   subCommands: [
     {
       name: 'model',
-      description: 'Show model-specific usage statistics.',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Show model-specific usage statistics.');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (context: CommandContext) => {
         context.ui.addItem(
@@ -56,7 +61,9 @@ export const statsCommand: SlashCommand = {
     },
     {
       name: 'tools',
-      description: 'Show tool-specific usage statistics.',
+      get description() {
+        return t('Show tool-specific usage statistics.');
+      },
       kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
       action: (context: CommandContext) => {
         context.ui.addItem(

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/summaryCommand.ts

@@ -13,11 +13,15 @@ import {
 } from './types.js';
 import { getProjectSummaryPrompt } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import type { HistoryItemSummary } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'summary',
-  description:
-    'Generate a project summary and save it to .qwen/PROJECT_SUMMARY.md',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'Generate a project summary and save it to .qwen/PROJECT_SUMMARY.md',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn> => {
     const { config } = context.services;
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'Config not loaded.',
+        content: t('Config not loaded.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: 'No chat client available to generate summary.',
+        content: t('No chat client available to generate summary.'),
       };
     }
 
@@ -44,15 +48,18 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'error' as const,
-          text: 'Already generating summary, wait for previous request to complete',
+          text: t(
+            'Already generating summary, wait for previous request to complete',
+          ),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content:
+        content: t(
           'Already generating summary, wait for previous request to complete',
+        ),
       };
     }
 
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
         return {
           type: 'message',
           messageType: 'info',
-          content: 'No conversation found to summarize.',
+          content: t('No conversation found to summarize.'),
         };
       }
 
@@ -171,9 +178,12 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'error' as const,
-          text: `❌ Failed to generate project context summary: ${
-            error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-          }`,
+          text: `❌ ${t(
+            'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}',
+            {
+              error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+            },
+          )}`,
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -181,9 +191,9 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: `Failed to generate project context summary: ${
-          error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
-        }`,
+        content: t('Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}', {
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        }),
       };
     }
   },

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/terminalSetupCommand.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import type { MessageActionReturn, SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
 import { terminalSetup } from '../utils/terminalSetup.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Command to configure terminal keybindings for multiline input support.
@@ -16,8 +17,11 @@ import { terminalSetup } from '../utils/terminalSetup.js';
  */
 export const terminalSetupCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'terminal-setup',
-  description:
-    'Configure terminal keybindings for multiline input (VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, Trae)',
+  get description() {
+    return t(
+      'Configure terminal keybindings for multiline input (VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, Trae)',
+    );
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
 
   action: async (): Promise<MessageActionReturn> => {
@@ -27,7 +31,8 @@ export const terminalSetupCommand: SlashCommand = {
       let content = result.message;
       if (result.requiresRestart) {
         content +=
-          '\n\nPlease restart your terminal for the changes to take effect.';
+          '\n\n' +
+          t('Please restart your terminal for the changes to take effect.');
       }
 
       return {
@@ -38,7 +43,9 @@ export const terminalSetupCommand: SlashCommand = {
     } catch (error) {
       return {
         type: 'message',
-        content: `Failed to configure terminal: ${error}`,
+        content: t('Failed to configure terminal: {{error}}', {
+          error: String(error),
+        }),
         messageType: 'error',
       };
     }

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/themeCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import type { OpenDialogActionReturn, SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const themeCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'theme',
-  description: 'change the theme',
+  get description() {
+    return t('change the theme');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: (_context, _args): OpenDialogActionReturn => ({
     type: 'dialog',

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/toolsCommand.ts

@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ import {
   CommandKind,
 } from './types.js';
 import { MessageType, type HistoryItemToolsList } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const toolsCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'tools',
-  description: 'list available Qwen Code tools. Usage: /tools [desc]',
+  get description() {
+    return t('list available Qwen Code tools. Usage: /tools [desc]');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context: CommandContext, args?: string): Promise<void> => {
     const subCommand = args?.trim();
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ export const toolsCommand: SlashCommand = {
       context.ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.ERROR,
-          text: 'Could not retrieve tool registry.',
+          text: t('Could not retrieve tool registry.'),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/vimCommand.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 
 import type { SlashCommand } from './types.js';
 import { CommandKind } from './types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const vimCommand: SlashCommand = {
   name: 'vim',
-  description: 'toggle vim mode on/off',
+  get description() {
+    return t('toggle vim mode on/off');
+  },
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context, _args) => {
     const newVimState = await context.ui.toggleVimEnabled();

packages/cli/src/ui/components/AboutBox.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   getFieldValue,
   type SystemInfoField,
 } from '../../utils/systemInfoFields.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 type AboutBoxProps = ExtendedSystemInfo;
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ export const AboutBox: React.FC<AboutBoxProps> = (props) => {
     >
       <Box marginBottom={1}>
         <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-          About Qwen Code
+          {t('About Qwen Code')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
       {fields.map((field: SystemInfoField) => (

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ApprovalModeDialog.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
 import { getScopeMessageForSetting } from '../../utils/dialogScopeUtils.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
 import { ScopeSelector } from './shared/ScopeSelector.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ApprovalModeDialogProps {
   /** Callback function when an approval mode is selected */
@@ -33,15 +34,15 @@ interface ApprovalModeDialogProps {
 const formatModeDescription = (mode: ApprovalMode): string => {
   switch (mode) {
     case ApprovalMode.PLAN:
-      return 'Analyze only, do not modify files or execute commands';
+      return t('Analyze only, do not modify files or execute commands');
     case ApprovalMode.DEFAULT:
-      return 'Require approval for file edits or shell commands';
+      return t('Require approval for file edits or shell commands');
     case ApprovalMode.AUTO_EDIT:
-      return 'Automatically approve file edits';
+      return t('Automatically approve file edits');
     case ApprovalMode.YOLO:
-      return 'Automatically approve all tools';
+      return t('Automatically approve all tools');
     default:
-      return `${mode} mode`;
+      return t('{{mode}} mode', { mode });
   }
 };
 
@@ -134,7 +135,8 @@ export function ApprovalModeDialog({
       <Box flexDirection="column" flexGrow={1}>
         {/* Approval Mode Selection */}
         <Text bold={focusSection === 'mode'} wrap="truncate">
-          {focusSection === 'mode' ? '> ' : '  '}Approval Mode{' '}
+          {focusSection === 'mode' ? '> ' : '  '}
+          {t('Approval Mode')}{' '}
           <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>{otherScopeModifiedMessage}</Text>
         </Text>
         <Box height={1} />
@@ -167,15 +169,17 @@ export function ApprovalModeDialog({
         {showWorkspacePriorityWarning && (
           <>
             <Text color={theme.status.warning} wrap="wrap">
-              ⚠ Workspace approval mode exists and takes priority. User-level
-              change will have no effect.
+              ⚠{' '}
+              {t(
+                'Workspace approval mode exists and takes priority. User-level change will have no effect.',
+              )}
             </Text>
             <Box height={1} />
           </>
         )}
 
         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-          (Use Enter to select, Tab to change focus)
+          {t('(Use Enter to select, Tab to change focus)')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     </Box>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/AutoAcceptIndicator.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type React from 'react';
 import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
 import { ApprovalMode } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AutoAcceptIndicatorProps {
   approvalMode: ApprovalMode;
@@ -23,18 +24,18 @@ export const AutoAcceptIndicator: React.FC<AutoAcceptIndicatorProps> = ({
   switch (approvalMode) {
     case ApprovalMode.PLAN:
       textColor = theme.status.success;
-      textContent = 'plan mode';
-      subText = ' (shift + tab to cycle)';
+      textContent = t('plan mode');
+      subText = ` ${t('(shift + tab to cycle)')}`;
       break;
     case ApprovalMode.AUTO_EDIT:
       textColor = theme.status.warning;
-      textContent = 'auto-accept edits';
-      subText = ' (shift + tab to cycle)';
+      textContent = t('auto-accept edits');
+      subText = ` ${t('(shift + tab to cycle)')}`;
       break;
     case ApprovalMode.YOLO:
       textColor = theme.status.error;
-      textContent = 'YOLO mode';
-      subText = ' (shift + tab to cycle)';
+      textContent = t('YOLO mode');
+      subText = ` ${t('(shift + tab to cycle)')}`;
       break;
     case ApprovalMode.DEFAULT:
     default:

packages/cli/src/ui/components/Composer.tsx

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import { useSettings } from '../contexts/SettingsContext.js';
 import { ApprovalMode } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { StreamingState } from '../types.js';
 import { ConfigInitDisplay } from '../components/ConfigInitDisplay.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const Composer = () => {
   const config = useConfig();
@@ -86,14 +87,16 @@ export const Composer = () => {
           )}
           {uiState.ctrlCPressedOnce ? (
             <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
-              Press Ctrl+C again to exit.
+              {t('Press Ctrl+C again to exit.')}
             </Text>
           ) : uiState.ctrlDPressedOnce ? (
             <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
-              Press Ctrl+D again to exit.
+              {t('Press Ctrl+D again to exit.')}
             </Text>
           ) : uiState.showEscapePrompt ? (
-            <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>Press Esc again to clear.</Text>
+            <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
+              {t('Press Esc again to clear.')}
+            </Text>
           ) : (
             !settings.merged.ui?.hideContextSummary && (
               <ContextSummaryDisplay
@@ -151,8 +154,8 @@ export const Composer = () => {
           isEmbeddedShellFocused={uiState.embeddedShellFocused}
           placeholder={
             vimEnabled
-              ? "  Press 'i' for INSERT mode and 'Esc' for NORMAL mode."
-              : '  Type your message or @path/to/file'
+              ? '  ' + t("Press 'i' for INSERT mode and 'Esc' for NORMAL mode.")
+              : '  ' + t('Type your message or @path/to/file')
           }
         />
       )}

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ConfigInitDisplay.tsx

@@ -11,15 +11,16 @@ import { useConfig } from '../contexts/ConfigContext.js';
 import { type McpClient, MCPServerStatus } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { GeminiSpinner } from './GeminiRespondingSpinner.js';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const ConfigInitDisplay = () => {
   const config = useConfig();
-  const [message, setMessage] = useState('Initializing...');
+  const [message, setMessage] = useState(t('Initializing...'));
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const onChange = (clients?: Map<string, McpClient>) => {
       if (!clients || clients.size === 0) {
-        setMessage(`Initializing...`);
+        setMessage(t('Initializing...'));
         return;
       }
       let connected = 0;
@@ -28,7 +29,12 @@ export const ConfigInitDisplay = () => {
           connected++;
         }
       }
-      setMessage(`Connecting to MCP servers... (${connected}/${clients.size})`);
+      setMessage(
+        t('Connecting to MCP servers... ({{connected}}/{{total}})', {
+          connected: String(connected),
+          total: String(clients.size),
+        }),
+      );
     };
 
     appEvents.on('mcp-client-update', onChange);

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ContextSummaryDisplay.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
 } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { useTerminalSize } from '../hooks/useTerminalSize.js';
 import { isNarrowWidth } from '../utils/isNarrowWidth.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ContextSummaryDisplayProps {
   geminiMdFileCount: number;
@@ -50,9 +51,11 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
     if (openFileCount === 0) {
       return '';
     }
-    return `${openFileCount} open file${
-      openFileCount > 1 ? 's' : ''
-    } (ctrl+g to view)`;
+    const fileText =
+      openFileCount === 1
+        ? t('{{count}} open file', { count: String(openFileCount) })
+        : t('{{count}} open files', { count: String(openFileCount) });
+    return `${fileText} ${t('(ctrl+g to view)')}`;
   })();
 
   const geminiMdText = (() => {
@@ -61,9 +64,15 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
     }
     const allNamesTheSame = new Set(contextFileNames).size < 2;
     const name = allNamesTheSame ? contextFileNames[0] : 'context';
-    return `${geminiMdFileCount} ${name} file${
-      geminiMdFileCount > 1 ? 's' : ''
-    }`;
+    return geminiMdFileCount === 1
+      ? t('{{count}} {{name}} file', {
+          count: String(geminiMdFileCount),
+          name,
+        })
+      : t('{{count}} {{name}} files', {
+          count: String(geminiMdFileCount),
+          name,
+        });
   })();
 
   const mcpText = (() => {
@@ -73,15 +82,27 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
 
     const parts = [];
     if (mcpServerCount > 0) {
-      parts.push(
-        `${mcpServerCount} MCP server${mcpServerCount > 1 ? 's' : ''}`,
-      );
+      const serverText =
+        mcpServerCount === 1
+          ? t('{{count}} MCP server', { count: String(mcpServerCount) })
+          : t('{{count}} MCP servers', { count: String(mcpServerCount) });
+      parts.push(serverText);
     }
 
     if (blockedMcpServerCount > 0) {
-      let blockedText = `${blockedMcpServerCount} Blocked`;
+      let blockedText = t('{{count}} Blocked', {
+        count: String(blockedMcpServerCount),
+      });
       if (mcpServerCount === 0) {
-        blockedText += ` MCP server${blockedMcpServerCount > 1 ? 's' : ''}`;
+        const serverText =
+          blockedMcpServerCount === 1
+            ? t('{{count}} MCP server', {
+                count: String(blockedMcpServerCount),
+              })
+            : t('{{count}} MCP servers', {
+                count: String(blockedMcpServerCount),
+              });
+        blockedText += ` ${serverText}`;
       }
       parts.push(blockedText);
     }
@@ -89,9 +110,9 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
     // Add ctrl+t hint when MCP servers are available
     if (mcpServers && Object.keys(mcpServers).length > 0) {
       if (showToolDescriptions) {
-        text += ' (ctrl+t to toggle)';
+        text += ` ${t('(ctrl+t to toggle)')}`;
       } else {
-        text += ' (ctrl+t to view)';
+        text += ` ${t('(ctrl+t to view)')}`;
       }
     }
     return text;
@@ -102,7 +123,7 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
   if (isNarrow) {
     return (
       <Box flexDirection="column">
-        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>Using:</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>{t('Using:')}</Text>
         {summaryParts.map((part, index) => (
           <Text key={index} color={theme.text.secondary}>
             {'  '}- {part}
@@ -115,7 +136,7 @@ export const ContextSummaryDisplay: React.FC<ContextSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
   return (
     <Box>
       <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-        Using: {summaryParts.join(' | ')}
+        {t('Using:')} {summaryParts.join(' | ')}
       </Text>
     </Box>
   );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/EditorSettingsDialog.tsx

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
 import type { EditorType } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { isEditorAvailable } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface EditorDialogProps {
   onSelect: (editorType: EditorType | undefined, scope: SettingScope) => void;
@@ -66,12 +67,16 @@ export function EditorSettingsDialog({
 
   const scopeItems = [
     {
-      label: 'User Settings',
+      get label() {
+        return t('User Settings');
+      },
       value: SettingScope.User,
       key: SettingScope.User,
     },
     {
-      label: 'Workspace Settings',
+      get label() {
+        return t('Workspace Settings');
+      },
       value: SettingScope.Workspace,
       key: SettingScope.Workspace,
     },
@@ -145,7 +150,8 @@ export function EditorSettingsDialog({
 
         <Box marginTop={1} flexDirection="column">
           <Text bold={focusedSection === 'scope'}>
-            {focusedSection === 'scope' ? '> ' : '  '}Apply To
+            {focusedSection === 'scope' ? '> ' : '  '}
+            {t('Apply To')}
           </Text>
           <RadioButtonSelect
             items={scopeItems}

packages/cli/src/ui/components/Help.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type React from 'react';
 import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
 import { type SlashCommand, CommandKind } from '../commands/types.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface Help {
   commands: readonly SlashCommand[];
@@ -23,46 +24,41 @@ export const Help: React.FC<Help> = ({ commands }) => (
   >
     {/* Basics */}
     <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-      Basics:
+      {t('Basics:')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        Add context
+        {t('Add context')}
       </Text>
-      : Use{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        @
-      </Text>{' '}
-      to specify files for context (e.g.,{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        @src/myFile.ts
-      </Text>
-      ) to target specific files or folders.
+      :{' '}
+      {t(
+        'Use {{symbol}} to specify files for context (e.g., {{example}}) to target specific files or folders.',
+        {
+          symbol: t('@'),
+          example: t('@src/myFile.ts'),
+        },
+      )}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        Shell mode
+        {t('Shell mode')}
       </Text>
-      : Execute shell commands via{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        !
-      </Text>{' '}
-      (e.g.,{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        !npm run start
-      </Text>
-      ) or use natural language (e.g.{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        start server
-      </Text>
-      ).
+      :{' '}
+      {t(
+        'Execute shell commands via {{symbol}} (e.g., {{example1}}) or use natural language (e.g., {{example2}}).',
+        {
+          symbol: t('!'),
+          example1: t('!npm run start'),
+          example2: t('start server'),
+        },
+      )}
     </Text>
 
     <Box height={1} />
 
     {/* Commands */}
     <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-      Commands:
+      {t('Commands:')}
     </Text>
     {commands
       .filter((command) => command.description && !command.hidden)
@@ -97,81 +93,81 @@ export const Help: React.FC<Help> = ({ commands }) => (
         {' '}
         !{' '}
       </Text>
-      - shell command
+      - {t('shell command')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-      <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>[MCP]</Text> - Model Context Protocol
-      command (from external servers)
+      <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>[MCP]</Text> -{' '}
+      {t('Model Context Protocol command (from external servers)')}
     </Text>
 
     <Box height={1} />
 
     {/* Shortcuts */}
     <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-      Keyboard Shortcuts:
+      {t('Keyboard Shortcuts:')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Alt+Left/Right
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Jump through words in the input
+      - {t('Jump through words in the input')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Ctrl+C
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Close dialogs, cancel requests, or quit application
+      - {t('Close dialogs, cancel requests, or quit application')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         {process.platform === 'win32' ? 'Ctrl+Enter' : 'Ctrl+J'}
       </Text>{' '}
+      -{' '}
       {process.platform === 'linux'
-        ? '- New line (Alt+Enter works for certain linux distros)'
-        : '- New line'}
+        ? t('New line (Alt+Enter works for certain linux distros)')
+        : t('New line')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Ctrl+L
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Clear the screen
+      - {t('Clear the screen')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         {process.platform === 'darwin' ? 'Ctrl+X / Meta+Enter' : 'Ctrl+X'}
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Open input in external editor
+      - {t('Open input in external editor')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Enter
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Send message
+      - {t('Send message')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Esc
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Cancel operation / Clear input (double press)
+      - {t('Cancel operation / Clear input (double press)')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Shift+Tab
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Cycle approval modes
+      - {t('Cycle approval modes')}
     </Text>
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
         Up/Down
       </Text>{' '}
-      - Cycle through your prompt history
+      - {t('Cycle through your prompt history')}
     </Text>
     <Box height={1} />
     <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-      For a full list of shortcuts, see{' '}
-      <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        docs/keyboard-shortcuts.md
-      </Text>
+      {t('For a full list of shortcuts, see {{docPath}}', {
+        docPath: t('docs/keyboard-shortcuts.md'),
+      })}
     </Text>
   </Box>
 );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/InputPrompt.test.tsx

@@ -210,6 +210,7 @@ describe('InputPrompt', () => {
       inputWidth: 80,
       suggestionsWidth: 80,
       focus: true,
+      placeholder: '  Type your message or @path/to/file',
     };
   });
 

packages/cli/src/ui/components/InputPrompt.tsx

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import {
   parseInputForHighlighting,
   buildSegmentsForVisualSlice,
 } from '../utils/highlight.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   clipboardHasImage,
   saveClipboardImage,
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ export const InputPrompt: React.FC<InputPromptProps> = ({
   config,
   slashCommands,
   commandContext,
-  placeholder = '  Type your message or @path/to/file',
+  placeholder,
   focus = true,
   suggestionsWidth,
   shellModeActive,
@@ -697,13 +698,13 @@ export const InputPrompt: React.FC<InputPromptProps> = ({
   let statusText = '';
   if (shellModeActive) {
     statusColor = theme.ui.symbol;
-    statusText = 'Shell mode';
+    statusText = t('Shell mode');
   } else if (showYoloStyling) {
     statusColor = theme.status.error;
-    statusText = 'YOLO mode';
+    statusText = t('YOLO mode');
   } else if (showAutoAcceptStyling) {
     statusColor = theme.status.warning;
-    statusText = 'Accepting edits';
+    statusText = t('Accepting edits');
   }
 
   return (

packages/cli/src/ui/components/LoadingIndicator.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { GeminiRespondingSpinner } from './GeminiRespondingSpinner.js';
 import { formatDuration } from '../utils/formatters.js';
 import { useTerminalSize } from '../hooks/useTerminalSize.js';
 import { isNarrowWidth } from '../utils/isNarrowWidth.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface LoadingIndicatorProps {
   currentLoadingPhrase?: string;
@@ -40,7 +41,12 @@ export const LoadingIndicator: React.FC<LoadingIndicatorProps> = ({
 
   const cancelAndTimerContent =
     streamingState !== StreamingState.WaitingForConfirmation
-      ? `(esc to cancel, ${elapsedTime < 60 ? `${elapsedTime}s` : formatDuration(elapsedTime * 1000)})`
+      ? t('(esc to cancel, {{time}})', {
+          time:
+            elapsedTime < 60
+              ? `${elapsedTime}s`
+              : formatDuration(elapsedTime * 1000),
+        })
       : null;
 
   return (

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ModelDialog.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   getAvailableModelsForAuthType,
   MAINLINE_CODER,
 } from '../models/availableModels.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ModelDialogProps {
   onClose: () => void;
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export function ModelDialog({ onClose }: ModelDialogProps): React.JSX.Element {
       padding={1}
       width="100%"
     >
-      <Text bold>Select Model</Text>
+      <Text bold>{t('Select Model')}</Text>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <DescriptiveRadioButtonSelect
           items={MODEL_OPTIONS}
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ export function ModelDialog({ onClose }: ModelDialogProps): React.JSX.Element {
         />
       </Box>
       <Box marginTop={1} flexDirection="column">
-        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>(Press Esc to close)</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>{t('(Press Esc to close)')}</Text>
       </Box>
     </Box>
   );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ModelStatsDisplay.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
 } from '../utils/computeStats.js';
 import type { ModelMetrics } from '../contexts/SessionContext.js';
 import { useSessionStats } from '../contexts/SessionContext.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 const METRIC_COL_WIDTH = 28;
 const MODEL_COL_WIDTH = 22;
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         paddingX={2}
       >
         <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-          No API calls have been made in this session.
+          {t('No API calls have been made in this session.')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     );
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       paddingX={2}
     >
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        Model Stats For Nerds
+        {t('Model Stats For Nerds')}
       </Text>
       <Box height={1} />
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       <Box>
         <Box width={METRIC_COL_WIDTH}>
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Metric
+            {t('Metric')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         {modelNames.map((name) => (
@@ -125,13 +126,13 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       />
 
       {/* API Section */}
-      <StatRow title="API" values={[]} isSection />
+      <StatRow title={t('API')} values={[]} isSection />
       <StatRow
-        title="Requests"
+        title={t('Requests')}
         values={getModelValues((m) => m.api.totalRequests.toLocaleString())}
       />
       <StatRow
-        title="Errors"
+        title={t('Errors')}
         values={getModelValues((m) => {
           const errorRate = calculateErrorRate(m);
           return (
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         })}
       />
       <StatRow
-        title="Avg Latency"
+        title={t('Avg Latency')}
         values={getModelValues((m) => {
           const avgLatency = calculateAverageLatency(m);
           return formatDuration(avgLatency);
@@ -156,9 +157,9 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       <Box height={1} />
 
       {/* Tokens Section */}
-      <StatRow title="Tokens" values={[]} isSection />
+      <StatRow title={t('Tokens')} values={[]} isSection />
       <StatRow
-        title="Total"
+        title={t('Total')}
         values={getModelValues((m) => (
           <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
             {m.tokens.total.toLocaleString()}
@@ -166,13 +167,13 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         ))}
       />
       <StatRow
-        title="Prompt"
+        title={t('Prompt')}
         isSubtle
         values={getModelValues((m) => m.tokens.prompt.toLocaleString())}
       />
       {hasCached && (
         <StatRow
-          title="Cached"
+          title={t('Cached')}
           isSubtle
           values={getModelValues((m) => {
             const cacheHitRate = calculateCacheHitRate(m);
@@ -186,20 +187,20 @@ export const ModelStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       )}
       {hasThoughts && (
         <StatRow
-          title="Thoughts"
+          title={t('Thoughts')}
           isSubtle
           values={getModelValues((m) => m.tokens.thoughts.toLocaleString())}
         />
       )}
       {hasTool && (
         <StatRow
-          title="Tool"
+          title={t('Tool')}
           isSubtle
           values={getModelValues((m) => m.tokens.tool.toLocaleString())}
         />
       )}
       <StatRow
-        title="Output"
+        title={t('Output')}
         isSubtle
         values={getModelValues((m) => m.tokens.candidates.toLocaleString())}
       />

packages/cli/src/ui/components/OpenAIKeyPrompt.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { Colors } from '../colors.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface OpenAIKeyPromptProps {
   onSubmit: (apiKey: string, baseUrl: string, model: string) => void;
@@ -64,9 +65,11 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
         const errorMessage = error.errors
           .map((e) => `${e.path.join('.')}: ${e.message}`)
           .join(', ');
-        setValidationError(`Invalid credentials: ${errorMessage}`);
+        setValidationError(
+          t('Invalid credentials: {{errorMessage}}', { errorMessage }),
+        );
       } else {
-        setValidationError('Failed to validate credentials');
+        setValidationError(t('Failed to validate credentials'));
       }
     }
   };
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
       width="100%"
     >
       <Text bold color={Colors.AccentBlue}>
-        OpenAI Configuration Required
+        {t('OpenAI Configuration Required')}
       </Text>
       {validationError && (
         <Box marginTop={1}>
@@ -214,7 +217,9 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
       )}
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <Text>
-          Please enter your OpenAI configuration. You can get an API key from{' '}
+          {t(
+            'Please enter your OpenAI configuration. You can get an API key from',
+          )}{' '}
           <Text color={Colors.AccentBlue}>
             https://bailian.console.aliyun.com/?tab=model#/api-key
           </Text>
@@ -225,7 +230,7 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
           <Text
             color={currentField === 'apiKey' ? Colors.AccentBlue : Colors.Gray}
           >
-            API Key:
+            {t('API Key:')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box flexGrow={1}>
@@ -240,7 +245,7 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
           <Text
             color={currentField === 'baseUrl' ? Colors.AccentBlue : Colors.Gray}
           >
-            Base URL:
+            {t('Base URL:')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box flexGrow={1}>
@@ -255,7 +260,7 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
           <Text
             color={currentField === 'model' ? Colors.AccentBlue : Colors.Gray}
           >
-            Model:
+            {t('Model:')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box flexGrow={1}>
@@ -267,7 +272,7 @@ export function OpenAIKeyPrompt({
       </Box>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-          Press Enter to continue, Tab/↑↓ to navigate, Esc to cancel
+          {t('Press Enter to continue, Tab/↑↓ to navigate, Esc to cancel')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     </Box>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ProQuotaDialog.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type React from 'react';
 import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from './shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ProQuotaDialogProps {
   failedModel: string;
@@ -22,12 +23,12 @@ export function ProQuotaDialog({
 }: ProQuotaDialogProps): React.JSX.Element {
   const items = [
     {
-      label: 'Change auth (executes the /auth command)',
+      label: t('Change auth (executes the /auth command)'),
       value: 'auth' as const,
       key: 'auth',
     },
     {
-      label: `Continue with ${fallbackModel}`,
+      label: t('Continue with {{model}}', { model: fallbackModel }),
       value: 'continue' as const,
       key: 'continue',
     },
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export function ProQuotaDialog({
   return (
     <Box borderStyle="round" flexDirection="column" paddingX={1}>
       <Text bold color={theme.status.warning}>
-        Pro quota limit reached for {failedModel}.
+        {t('Pro quota limit reached for {{model}}.', { model: failedModel })}
       </Text>
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <RadioButtonSelect

packages/cli/src/ui/components/QuitConfirmationDialog.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   type RadioSelectItem,
 } from './shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export enum QuitChoice {
   CANCEL = 'cancel',
@@ -39,22 +40,22 @@ export const QuitConfirmationDialog: React.FC<QuitConfirmationDialogProps> = ({
   const options: Array<RadioSelectItem<QuitChoice>> = [
     {
       key: 'quit',
-      label: 'Quit immediately (/quit)',
+      label: t('Quit immediately (/quit)'),
       value: QuitChoice.QUIT,
     },
     {
       key: 'summary-and-quit',
-      label: 'Generate summary and quit (/summary)',
+      label: t('Generate summary and quit (/summary)'),
       value: QuitChoice.SUMMARY_AND_QUIT,
     },
     {
       key: 'save-and-quit',
-      label: 'Save conversation and quit (/chat save)',
+      label: t('Save conversation and quit (/chat save)'),
       value: QuitChoice.SAVE_AND_QUIT,
     },
     {
       key: 'cancel',
-      label: 'Cancel (stay in application)',
+      label: t('Cancel (stay in application)'),
       value: QuitChoice.CANCEL,
     },
   ];
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ export const QuitConfirmationDialog: React.FC<QuitConfirmationDialogProps> = ({
       marginLeft={1}
     >
       <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
-        <Text>What would you like to do before exiting?</Text>
+        <Text>{t('What would you like to do before exiting?')}</Text>
       </Box>
 
       <RadioButtonSelect items={options} onSelect={onSelect} isFocused />

packages/cli/src/ui/components/QwenOAuthProgress.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import qrcode from 'qrcode-terminal';
 import { Colors } from '../colors.js';
 import type { DeviceAuthorizationData } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface QwenOAuthProgressProps {
   onTimeout: () => void;
@@ -52,11 +53,11 @@ function QrCodeDisplay({
       width="100%"
     >
       <Text bold color={Colors.AccentBlue}>
-        Qwen OAuth Authentication
+        {t('Qwen OAuth Authentication')}
       </Text>
 
       <Box marginTop={1}>
-        <Text>Please visit this URL to authorize:</Text>
+        <Text>{t('Please visit this URL to authorize:')}</Text>
       </Box>
 
       <Link url={verificationUrl} fallback={false}>
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ function QrCodeDisplay({
       </Link>
 
       <Box marginTop={1}>
-        <Text>Or scan the QR code below:</Text>
+        <Text>{t('Or scan the QR code below:')}</Text>
       </Box>
 
       <Box marginTop={1}>
@@ -103,15 +104,18 @@ function StatusDisplay({
     >
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <Text>
-          <Spinner type="dots" /> Waiting for authorization{dots}
+          <Spinner type="dots" /> {t('Waiting for authorization')}
+          {dots}
         </Text>
       </Box>
 
       <Box marginTop={1} justifyContent="space-between">
         <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-          Time remaining: {formatTime(timeRemaining)}
+          {t('Time remaining:')} {formatTime(timeRemaining)}
+        </Text>
+        <Text color={Colors.AccentPurple}>
+          {t('(Press ESC or CTRL+C to cancel)')}
         </Text>
-        <Text color={Colors.AccentPurple}>(Press ESC or CTRL+C to cancel)</Text>
       </Box>
     </Box>
   );
@@ -215,19 +219,24 @@ export function QwenOAuthProgress({
         width="100%"
       >
         <Text bold color={Colors.AccentRed}>
-          Qwen OAuth Authentication Timeout
+          {t('Qwen OAuth Authentication Timeout')}
         </Text>
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
           <Text>
             {authMessage ||
-              `OAuth token expired (over ${defaultTimeout} seconds). Please select authentication method again.`}
+              t(
+                'OAuth token expired (over {{seconds}} seconds). Please select authentication method again.',
+                {
+                  seconds: defaultTimeout.toString(),
+                },
+              )}
           </Text>
         </Box>
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
           <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-            Press any key to return to authentication type selection.
+            {t('Press any key to return to authentication type selection.')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       </Box>
@@ -275,16 +284,17 @@ export function QwenOAuthProgress({
       >
         <Box>
           <Text>
-            <Spinner type="dots" /> Waiting for Qwen OAuth authentication...
+            <Spinner type="dots" />
+            {t('Waiting for Qwen OAuth authentication...')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box marginTop={1} justifyContent="space-between">
           <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-            Time remaining: {Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60)}:
+            {t('Time remaining:')} {Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60)}:
             {(timeRemaining % 60).toString().padStart(2, '0')}
           </Text>
           <Text color={Colors.AccentPurple}>
-            (Press ESC or CTRL+C to cancel)
+            {t('(Press ESC or CTRL+C to cancel)')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       </Box>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/SessionSummaryDisplay.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import type React from 'react';
 import { StatsDisplay } from './StatsDisplay.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface SessionSummaryDisplayProps {
   duration: string;
@@ -14,5 +15,8 @@ interface SessionSummaryDisplayProps {
 export const SessionSummaryDisplay: React.FC<SessionSummaryDisplayProps> = ({
   duration,
 }) => (
-  <StatsDisplay title="Agent powering down. Goodbye!" duration={duration} />
+  <StatsDisplay
+    title={t('Agent powering down. Goodbye!')}
+    duration={duration}
+  />
 );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/SettingsDialog.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type { LoadedSettings, Settings } from '../../config/settings.js';
 import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
 import { getScopeMessageForSetting } from '../../utils/dialogScopeUtils.js';
 import { ScopeSelector } from './shared/ScopeSelector.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   getDialogSettingKeys,
   setPendingSettingValue,
@@ -124,7 +125,9 @@ export function SettingsDialog({
       const definition = getSettingDefinition(key);
 
       return {
-        label: definition?.label || key,
+        label: definition?.label
+          ? t(definition.label) || definition.label
+          : key,
         value: key,
         type: definition?.type,
         toggle: () => {
@@ -779,7 +782,8 @@ export function SettingsDialog({
     >
       <Box flexDirection="column" flexGrow={1}>
         <Text bold={focusSection === 'settings'} wrap="truncate">
-          {focusSection === 'settings' ? '> ' : '  '}Settings
+          {focusSection === 'settings' ? '> ' : '  '}
+          {t('Settings')}
         </Text>
         <Box height={1} />
         {showScrollUp && <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>▲</Text>}
@@ -916,13 +920,15 @@ export function SettingsDialog({
 
         <Box height={1} />
         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-          (Use Enter to select
-          {showScopeSelection ? ', Tab to change focus' : ''})
+          {t('(Use Enter to select{{tabText}})', {
+            tabText: showScopeSelection ? t(', Tab to change focus') : '',
+          })}
         </Text>
         {showRestartPrompt && (
           <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
-            To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and
-            apply changes now.
+            {t(
+              'To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and apply changes now.',
+            )}
           </Text>
         )}
       </Box>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ShellConfirmationDialog.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { RenderInline } from '../utils/InlineMarkdownRenderer.js';
 import type { RadioSelectItem } from './shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from './shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export interface ShellConfirmationRequest {
   commands: string[];
@@ -51,17 +52,17 @@ export const ShellConfirmationDialog: React.FC<
 
   const options: Array<RadioSelectItem<ToolConfirmationOutcome>> = [
     {
-      label: 'Yes, allow once',
+      label: t('Yes, allow once'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       key: 'Yes, allow once',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Yes, allow always for this session',
+      label: t('Yes, allow always for this session'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
       key: 'Yes, allow always for this session',
     },
     {
-      label: 'No (esc)',
+      label: t('No (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       key: 'No (esc)',
     },
@@ -78,10 +79,10 @@ export const ShellConfirmationDialog: React.FC<
     >
       <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
         <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-          Shell Command Execution
+          {t('Shell Command Execution')}
         </Text>
         <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-          A custom command wants to run the following shell commands:
+          {t('A custom command wants to run the following shell commands:')}
         </Text>
         <Box
           flexDirection="column"
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ export const ShellConfirmationDialog: React.FC<
       </Box>
 
       <Box marginBottom={1}>
-        <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Do you want to proceed?</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Do you want to proceed?')}</Text>
       </Box>
 
       <RadioButtonSelect items={options} onSelect={handleSelect} isFocused />

packages/cli/src/ui/components/StatsDisplay.tsx

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   USER_AGREEMENT_RATE_MEDIUM,
 } from '../utils/displayUtils.js';
 import { computeSessionStats } from '../utils/computeStats.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 // A more flexible and powerful StatRow component
 interface StatRowProps {
@@ -85,22 +86,22 @@ const ModelUsageTable: React.FC<{
       <Box>
         <Box width={nameWidth}>
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Model Usage
+            {t('Model Usage')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={requestsWidth} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Reqs
+            {t('Reqs')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={inputTokensWidth} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Input Tokens
+            {t('Input Tokens')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={outputTokensWidth} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Output Tokens
+            {t('Output Tokens')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       </Box>
@@ -141,13 +142,14 @@ const ModelUsageTable: React.FC<{
       {cacheEfficiency > 0 && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginTop={1}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-            <Text color={theme.status.success}>Savings Highlight:</Text>{' '}
+            <Text color={theme.status.success}>{t('Savings Highlight:')}</Text>{' '}
             {totalCachedTokens.toLocaleString()} ({cacheEfficiency.toFixed(1)}
-            %) of input tokens were served from the cache, reducing costs.
+            %){' '}
+            {t('of input tokens were served from the cache, reducing costs.')}
           </Text>
           <Box height={1} />
           <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-            » Tip: For a full token breakdown, run `/stats model`.
+            » {t('Tip: For a full token breakdown, run `/stats model`.')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ export const StatsDisplay: React.FC<StatsDisplayProps> = ({
     }
     return (
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        Session Stats
+        {t('Session Stats')}
       </Text>
     );
   };
@@ -215,33 +217,33 @@ export const StatsDisplay: React.FC<StatsDisplayProps> = ({
       {renderTitle()}
       <Box height={1} />
 
-      <Section title="Interaction Summary">
-        <StatRow title="Session ID:">
+      <Section title={t('Interaction Summary')}>
+        <StatRow title={t('Session ID:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{stats.sessionId}</Text>
         </StatRow>
-        <StatRow title="Tool Calls:">
+        <StatRow title={t('Tool Calls:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
             {tools.totalCalls} ({' '}
             <Text color={theme.status.success}>✓ {tools.totalSuccess}</Text>{' '}
             <Text color={theme.status.error}>x {tools.totalFail}</Text> )
           </Text>
         </StatRow>
-        <StatRow title="Success Rate:">
+        <StatRow title={t('Success Rate:')}>
           <Text color={successColor}>{computed.successRate.toFixed(1)}%</Text>
         </StatRow>
         {computed.totalDecisions > 0 && (
-          <StatRow title="User Agreement:">
+          <StatRow title={t('User Agreement:')}>
             <Text color={agreementColor}>
               {computed.agreementRate.toFixed(1)}%{' '}
               <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-                ({computed.totalDecisions} reviewed)
+                ({computed.totalDecisions} {t('reviewed')})
               </Text>
             </Text>
           </StatRow>
         )}
         {files &&
           (files.totalLinesAdded > 0 || files.totalLinesRemoved > 0) && (
-            <StatRow title="Code Changes:">
+            <StatRow title={t('Code Changes:')}>
               <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
                 <Text color={theme.status.success}>
                   +{files.totalLinesAdded}
@@ -254,16 +256,16 @@ export const StatsDisplay: React.FC<StatsDisplayProps> = ({
           )}
       </Section>
 
-      <Section title="Performance">
-        <StatRow title="Wall Time:">
+      <Section title={t('Performance')}>
+        <StatRow title={t('Wall Time:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{duration}</Text>
         </StatRow>
-        <StatRow title="Agent Active:">
+        <StatRow title={t('Agent Active:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
             {formatDuration(computed.agentActiveTime)}
           </Text>
         </StatRow>
-        <SubStatRow title="API Time:">
+        <SubStatRow title={t('API Time:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
             {formatDuration(computed.totalApiTime)}{' '}
             <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ export const StatsDisplay: React.FC<StatsDisplayProps> = ({
             </Text>
           </Text>
         </SubStatRow>
-        <SubStatRow title="Tool Time:">
+        <SubStatRow title={t('Tool Time:')}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
             {formatDuration(computed.totalToolTime)}{' '}
             <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ThemeDialog.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js';
 import { getScopeMessageForSetting } from '../../utils/dialogScopeUtils.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
 import { ScopeSelector } from './shared/ScopeSelector.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ThemeDialogProps {
   /** Callback function when a theme is selected */
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ export function ThemeDialog({
           {/* Left Column: Selection */}
           <Box flexDirection="column" width="45%" paddingRight={2}>
             <Text bold={mode === 'theme'} wrap="truncate">
-              {mode === 'theme' ? '> ' : '  '}Select Theme{' '}
+              {mode === 'theme' ? '> ' : '  '}
+              {t('Select Theme')}{' '}
               <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
                 {otherScopeModifiedMessage}
               </Text>
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ export function ThemeDialog({
           {/* Right Column: Preview */}
           <Box flexDirection="column" width="55%" paddingLeft={2}>
             <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-              Preview
+              {t('Preview')}
             </Text>
             {/* Get the Theme object for the highlighted theme, fall back to default if not found */}
             {(() => {
@@ -274,8 +276,9 @@ def fibonacci(n):
       )}
       <Box marginTop={1}>
         <Text color={theme.text.secondary} wrap="truncate">
-          (Use Enter to {mode === 'theme' ? 'select' : 'apply scope'}, Tab to{' '}
-          {mode === 'theme' ? 'configure scope' : 'select theme'})
+          {mode === 'theme'
+            ? t('(Use Enter to select, Tab to configure scope)')
+            : t('(Use Enter to apply scope, Tab to select theme)')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     </Box>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/Tips.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type React from 'react';
 import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../semantic-colors.js';
 import { type Config } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface TipsProps {
   config: Config;
@@ -17,12 +18,12 @@ export const Tips: React.FC<TipsProps> = ({ config }) => {
   const geminiMdFileCount = config.getGeminiMdFileCount();
   return (
     <Box flexDirection="column">
-      <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Tips for getting started:</Text>
+      <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Tips for getting started:')}</Text>
       <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-        1. Ask questions, edit files, or run commands.
+        {t('1. Ask questions, edit files, or run commands.')}
       </Text>
       <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-        2. Be specific for the best results.
+        {t('2. Be specific for the best results.')}
       </Text>
       {geminiMdFileCount === 0 && (
         <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ export const Tips: React.FC<TipsProps> = ({ config }) => {
           <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
             QWEN.md
           </Text>{' '}
-          files to customize your interactions with Qwen Code.
+          {t('files to customize your interactions with Qwen Code.')}
         </Text>
       )}
       <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ export const Tips: React.FC<TipsProps> = ({ config }) => {
         <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
           /help
         </Text>{' '}
-        for more information.
+        {t('for more information.')}
       </Text>
     </Box>
   );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/ToolStatsDisplay.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
 } from '../utils/displayUtils.js';
 import { useSessionStats } from '../contexts/SessionContext.js';
 import type { ToolCallStats } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 const TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH = 25;
 const CALLS_COL_WIDTH = 8;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         paddingX={2}
       >
         <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-          No tool calls have been made in this session.
+          {t('No tool calls have been made in this session.')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     );
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       width={70}
     >
       <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
-        Tool Stats For Nerds
+        {t('Tool Stats For Nerds')}
       </Text>
       <Box height={1} />
 
@@ -111,22 +112,22 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
       <Box>
         <Box width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH}>
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Tool Name
+            {t('Tool Name')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={CALLS_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Calls
+            {t('Calls')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Success Rate
+            {t('Success Rate')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Avg Duration
+            {t('Avg Duration')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       </Box>
@@ -151,13 +152,15 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
 
       {/* User Decision Summary */}
       <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-        User Decision Summary
+        {t('User Decision Summary')}
       </Text>
       <Box>
         <Box
           width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH + CALLS_COL_WIDTH + SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH}
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.link}>Total Reviewed Suggestions:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.link}>
+            {t('Total Reviewed Suggestions:')}
+          </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{totalReviewed}</Text>
@@ -167,7 +170,7 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         <Box
           width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH + CALLS_COL_WIDTH + SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH}
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}> » Accepted:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t(' » Accepted:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text color={theme.status.success}>{totalDecisions.accept}</Text>
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         <Box
           width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH + CALLS_COL_WIDTH + SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH}
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}> » Rejected:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t(' » Rejected:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text color={theme.status.error}>{totalDecisions.reject}</Text>
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         <Box
           width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH + CALLS_COL_WIDTH + SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH}
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}> » Modified:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t(' » Modified:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text color={theme.status.warning}>{totalDecisions.modify}</Text>
@@ -209,7 +212,9 @@ export const ToolStatsDisplay: React.FC = () => {
         <Box
           width={TOOL_NAME_COL_WIDTH + CALLS_COL_WIDTH + SUCCESS_RATE_COL_WIDTH}
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}> Overall Agreement Rate:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
+            {t(' Overall Agreement Rate:')}
+          </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box width={AVG_DURATION_COL_WIDTH} justifyContent="flex-end">
           <Text bold color={totalReviewed > 0 ? agreementColor : undefined}>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/WelcomeBackDialog.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   type RadioSelectItem,
 } from './shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface WelcomeBackDialogProps {
   welcomeBackInfo: ProjectSummaryInfo;
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ export function WelcomeBackDialog({
   const options: Array<RadioSelectItem<'restart' | 'continue'>> = [
     {
       key: 'restart',
-      label: 'Start new chat session',
+      label: t('Start new chat session'),
       value: 'restart',
     },
     {
       key: 'continue',
-      label: 'Continue previous conversation',
+      label: t('Continue previous conversation'),
       value: 'continue',
     },
   ];
@@ -67,7 +68,9 @@ export function WelcomeBackDialog({
     >
       <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
         <Text color={Colors.AccentBlue} bold>
-          👋 Welcome back! (Last updated: {timeAgo})
+          {t('👋 Welcome back! (Last updated: {{timeAgo}})', {
+            timeAgo: timeAgo || '',
+          })}
         </Text>
       </Box>
 
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ export function WelcomeBackDialog({
       {goalContent && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
           <Text color={Colors.Foreground} bold>
-            🎯 Overall Goal:
+            {t('🎯 Overall Goal:')}
           </Text>
           <Box marginTop={1} paddingLeft={2}>
             <Text color={Colors.Gray}>{goalContent}</Text>
@@ -87,19 +90,25 @@ export function WelcomeBackDialog({
       {totalTasks > 0 && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
           <Text color={Colors.Foreground} bold>
-            📋 Current Plan:
+            📋 {t('Current Plan:')}
           </Text>
           <Box marginTop={1} paddingLeft={2}>
             <Text color={Colors.Gray}>
-              Progress: {doneCount}/{totalTasks} tasks completed
-              {inProgressCount > 0 && `, ${inProgressCount} in progress`}
+              {t('Progress: {{done}}/{{total}} tasks completed', {
+                done: String(doneCount),
+                total: String(totalTasks),
+              })}
+              {inProgressCount > 0 &&
+                t(', {{inProgress}} in progress', {
+                  inProgress: String(inProgressCount),
+                })}
             </Text>
           </Box>
 
           {pendingTasks.length > 0 && (
             <Box flexDirection="column" marginTop={1} paddingLeft={2}>
               <Text color={Colors.Foreground} bold>
-                Pending Tasks:
+                {t('Pending Tasks:')}
               </Text>
               {pendingTasks.map((task: string, index: number) => (
                 <Text key={index} color={Colors.Gray}>
@@ -113,8 +122,8 @@ export function WelcomeBackDialog({
 
       {/* Action Selection */}
       <Box flexDirection="column" marginTop={1}>
-        <Text bold>What would you like to do?</Text>
-        <Text>Choose how to proceed with your session:</Text>
+        <Text bold>{t('What would you like to do?')}</Text>
+        <Text>{t('Choose how to proceed with your session:')}</Text>
       </Box>
 
       <Box marginTop={1}>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/__snapshots__/SettingsDialog.test.tsx.snap

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render default state correctly
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -20,8 +22,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render default state correctly
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render focused on scope select
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -54,8 +56,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render focused on scope select
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with accessibility sett
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -88,8 +90,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with accessibility sett
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with all boolean settin
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false*                                    │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false*                                    │
@@ -122,8 +124,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with all boolean settin
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false*                                    │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with different scope se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -156,8 +158,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with different scope se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -182,6 +182,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with different scope se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging (Modified in Workspace)      false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -190,8 +192,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with different scope se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with file filtering set
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -224,8 +226,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with file filtering set
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with mixed boolean and
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false*                                    │
@@ -258,8 +260,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with mixed boolean and
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -284,6 +284,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with tools and security
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    false                                     │
@@ -292,8 +294,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with tools and security
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            false                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │
@@ -318,6 +318,8 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with various boolean se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Debug Keystroke Logging                              true*                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
+│   Language                                             Auto (detect from system)                 │
+│                                                                                                  │
 │   Output Format                                        Text                                      │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Window Title                                    true*                                     │
@@ -326,8 +328,6 @@ exports[`SettingsDialog > Snapshot Tests > should render with various boolean se
 │                                                                                                  │
 │   Hide Tips                                            true*                                     │
 │                                                                                                  │
-│   Hide Banner                                          false                                     │
-│                                                                                                  │
 │ ▼                                                                                                │
 │                                                                                                  │
 │                                                                                                  │

packages/cli/src/ui/components/messages/CompressionMessage.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import Spinner from 'ink-spinner';
 import { theme } from '../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { SCREEN_READER_MODEL_PREFIX } from '../../textConstants.js';
 import { CompressionStatus } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export interface CompressionDisplayProps {
   compression: CompressionProps;
@@ -30,22 +31,32 @@ export function CompressionMessage({
 
   const getCompressionText = () => {
     if (isPending) {
-      return 'Compressing chat history';
+      return t('Compressing chat history');
     }
 
     switch (compressionStatus) {
       case CompressionStatus.COMPRESSED:
-        return `Chat history compressed from ${originalTokens} to ${newTokens} tokens.`;
+        return t(
+          'Chat history compressed from {{originalTokens}} to {{newTokens}} tokens.',
+          {
+            originalTokens: String(originalTokens),
+            newTokens: String(newTokens),
+          },
+        );
       case CompressionStatus.COMPRESSION_FAILED_INFLATED_TOKEN_COUNT:
         // For smaller histories (< 50k tokens), compression overhead likely exceeds benefits
         if (originalTokens < 50000) {
-          return 'Compression was not beneficial for this history size.';
+          return t('Compression was not beneficial for this history size.');
         }
         // For larger histories where compression should work but didn't,
         // this suggests an issue with the compression process itself
-        return 'Chat history compression did not reduce size. This may indicate issues with the compression prompt.';
+        return t(
+          'Chat history compression did not reduce size. This may indicate issues with the compression prompt.',
+        );
       case CompressionStatus.COMPRESSION_FAILED_TOKEN_COUNT_ERROR:
-        return 'Could not compress chat history due to a token counting error.';
+        return t(
+          'Could not compress chat history due to a token counting error.',
+        );
       case CompressionStatus.NOOP:
         return 'Nothing to compress.';
       default:

packages/cli/src/ui/components/messages/ToolConfirmationMessage.tsx

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { MaxSizedBox } from '../shared/MaxSizedBox.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
 import { useSettings } from '../../contexts/SettingsContext.js';
 import { theme } from '../../semantic-colors.js';
+import { t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export interface ToolConfirmationMessageProps {
   confirmationDetails: ToolCallConfirmationDetails;
@@ -105,17 +106,17 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
     const compactOptions: Array<RadioSelectItem<ToolConfirmationOutcome>> = [
       {
         key: 'proceed-once',
-        label: 'Yes, allow once',
+        label: t('Yes, allow once'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       },
       {
         key: 'proceed-always',
-        label: 'Allow always',
+        label: t('Allow always'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
       },
       {
         key: 'cancel',
-        label: 'No',
+        label: t('No'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       },
     ];
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
     return (
       <Box flexDirection="column">
         <Box>
-          <Text wrap="truncate">Do you want to proceed?</Text>
+          <Text wrap="truncate">{t('Do you want to proceed?')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box>
           <RadioButtonSelect
@@ -185,37 +186,37 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
           padding={1}
           overflow="hidden"
         >
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Modify in progress: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Modify in progress:')} </Text>
           <Text color={theme.status.success}>
-            Save and close external editor to continue
+            {t('Save and close external editor to continue')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       );
     }
 
-    question = `Apply this change?`;
+    question = t('Apply this change?');
     options.push({
-      label: 'Yes, allow once',
+      label: t('Yes, allow once'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       key: 'Yes, allow once',
     });
     if (isTrustedFolder) {
       options.push({
-        label: 'Yes, allow always',
+        label: t('Yes, allow always'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
         key: 'Yes, allow always',
       });
     }
     if ((!config.getIdeMode() || !isDiffingEnabled) && preferredEditor) {
       options.push({
-        label: 'Modify with external editor',
+        label: t('Modify with external editor'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ModifyWithEditor,
         key: 'Modify with external editor',
       });
     }
 
     options.push({
-      label: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
+      label: t('No, suggest changes (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       key: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
     });
@@ -232,21 +233,23 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
     const executionProps =
       confirmationDetails as ToolExecuteConfirmationDetails;
 
-    question = `Allow execution of: '${executionProps.rootCommand}'?`;
+    question = t("Allow execution of: '{{command}}'?", {
+      command: executionProps.rootCommand,
+    });
     options.push({
-      label: 'Yes, allow once',
+      label: t('Yes, allow once'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       key: 'Yes, allow once',
     });
     if (isTrustedFolder) {
       options.push({
-        label: `Yes, allow always ...`,
+        label: t('Yes, allow always ...'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
-        key: `Yes, allow always ...`,
+        key: 'Yes, allow always ...',
       });
     }
     options.push({
-      label: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
+      label: t('No, suggest changes (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       key: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
     });
@@ -275,17 +278,17 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
     question = planProps.title;
     options.push({
       key: 'proceed-always',
-      label: 'Yes, and auto-accept edits',
+      label: t('Yes, and auto-accept edits'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
     });
     options.push({
       key: 'proceed-once',
-      label: 'Yes, and manually approve edits',
+      label: t('Yes, and manually approve edits'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
     });
     options.push({
       key: 'cancel',
-      label: 'No, keep planning (esc)',
+      label: t('No, keep planning (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
     });
 
@@ -305,21 +308,21 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
       infoProps.urls &&
       !(infoProps.urls.length === 1 && infoProps.urls[0] === infoProps.prompt);
 
-    question = `Do you want to proceed?`;
+    question = t('Do you want to proceed?');
     options.push({
-      label: 'Yes, allow once',
+      label: t('Yes, allow once'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       key: 'Yes, allow once',
     });
     if (isTrustedFolder) {
       options.push({
-        label: 'Yes, allow always',
+        label: t('Yes, allow always'),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlways,
         key: 'Yes, allow always',
       });
     }
     options.push({
-      label: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
+      label: t('No, suggest changes (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       key: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
     });
@@ -331,7 +334,7 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
         </Text>
         {displayUrls && infoProps.urls && infoProps.urls.length > 0 && (
           <Box flexDirection="column" marginTop={1}>
-            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>URLs to fetch:</Text>
+            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('URLs to fetch:')}</Text>
             {infoProps.urls.map((url) => (
               <Text key={url}>
                 {' '}
@@ -348,31 +351,46 @@ export const ToolConfirmationMessage: React.FC<
 
     bodyContent = (
       <Box flexDirection="column" paddingX={1} marginLeft={1}>
-        <Text color={theme.text.link}>MCP Server: {mcpProps.serverName}</Text>
-        <Text color={theme.text.link}>Tool: {mcpProps.toolName}</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.link}>
+          {t('MCP Server: {{server}}', { server: mcpProps.serverName })}
+        </Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.link}>
+          {t('Tool: {{tool}}', { tool: mcpProps.toolName })}
+        </Text>
       </Box>
     );
 
-    question = `Allow execution of MCP tool "${mcpProps.toolName}" from server "${mcpProps.serverName}"?`;
+    question = t(
+      'Allow execution of MCP tool "{{tool}}" from server "{{server}}"?',
+      {
+        tool: mcpProps.toolName,
+        server: mcpProps.serverName,
+      },
+    );
     options.push({
-      label: 'Yes, allow once',
+      label: t('Yes, allow once'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedOnce,
       key: 'Yes, allow once',
     });
     if (isTrustedFolder) {
       options.push({
-        label: `Yes, always allow tool "${mcpProps.toolName}" from server "${mcpProps.serverName}"`,
+        label: t('Yes, always allow tool "{{tool}}" from server "{{server}}"', {
+          tool: mcpProps.toolName,
+          server: mcpProps.serverName,
+        }),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlwaysTool, // Cast until types are updated
         key: `Yes, always allow tool "${mcpProps.toolName}" from server "${mcpProps.serverName}"`,
       });
       options.push({
-        label: `Yes, always allow all tools from server "${mcpProps.serverName}"`,
+        label: t('Yes, always allow all tools from server "{{server}}"', {
+          server: mcpProps.serverName,
+        }),
         value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.ProceedAlwaysServer,
         key: `Yes, always allow all tools from server "${mcpProps.serverName}"`,
       });
     }
     options.push({
-      label: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
+      label: t('No, suggest changes (esc)'),
       value: ToolConfirmationOutcome.Cancel,
       key: 'No, suggest changes (esc)',
     });

packages/cli/src/ui/components/shared/ScopeSelector.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import type { SettingScope } from '../../../config/settings.js';
 import { getScopeItems } from '../../../utils/dialogScopeUtils.js';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from './RadioButtonSelect.js';
+import { t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ScopeSelectorProps {
   /** Callback function when a scope is selected */
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ export function ScopeSelector({
 }: ScopeSelectorProps): React.JSX.Element {
   const scopeItems = getScopeItems().map((item) => ({
     ...item,
+    label: t(item.label),
     key: item.value,
   }));
 
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ export function ScopeSelector({
   return (
     <Box flexDirection="column">
       <Text bold={isFocused} wrap="truncate">
-        {isFocused ? '> ' : '  '}Apply To
+        {isFocused ? '> ' : '  '}
+        {t('Apply To')}
       </Text>
       <RadioButtonSelect
         items={scopeItems}

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/AgentCreationWizard.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import type { Config } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { TextEntryStep } from './TextEntryStep.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AgentCreationWizardProps {
   onClose: () => void;
@@ -90,25 +91,25 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
       const n = state.currentStep;
       switch (kind) {
         case 'LOCATION':
-          return `Step ${n}: Choose Location`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Choose Location', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'GEN_METHOD':
-          return `Step ${n}: Choose Generation Method`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Choose Generation Method', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'LLM_DESC':
-          return `Step ${n}: Describe Your Subagent`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Describe Your Subagent', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'MANUAL_NAME':
-          return `Step ${n}: Enter Subagent Name`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Enter Subagent Name', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'MANUAL_PROMPT':
-          return `Step ${n}: Enter System Prompt`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Enter System Prompt', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'MANUAL_DESC':
-          return `Step ${n}: Enter Description`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Enter Description', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'TOOLS':
-          return `Step ${n}: Select Tools`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Select Tools', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'COLOR':
-          return `Step ${n}: Choose Background Color`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Choose Background Color', { n: n.toString() });
         case 'FINAL':
-          return `Step ${n}: Confirm and Save`;
+          return t('Step {{n}}: Confirm and Save', { n: n.toString() });
         default:
-          return 'Unknown Step';
+          return t('Unknown Step');
       }
     };
 
@@ -163,11 +164,11 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
       // Special case: During generation in description input step, only show cancel option
       const kind = getStepKind(state.generationMethod, state.currentStep);
       if (kind === 'LLM_DESC' && state.isGenerating) {
-        return 'Esc to cancel';
+        return t('Esc to cancel');
       }
 
       if (getStepKind(state.generationMethod, state.currentStep) === 'FINAL') {
-        return 'Press Enter to save, e to save and edit, Esc to go back';
+        return t('Press Enter to save, e to save and edit, Esc to go back');
       }
 
       // Steps that have ↑↓ navigation (RadioButtonSelect components)
@@ -177,14 +178,17 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
         kindForNav === 'GEN_METHOD' ||
         kindForNav === 'TOOLS' ||
         kindForNav === 'COLOR';
-      const navigationPart = hasNavigation ? '↑↓ to navigate, ' : '';
+      const navigationPart = hasNavigation ? t('↑↓ to navigate, ') : '';
 
       const escAction =
         state.currentStep === WIZARD_STEPS.LOCATION_SELECTION
-          ? 'cancel'
-          : 'go back';
+          ? t('cancel')
+          : t('go back');
 
-      return `Press Enter to continue, ${navigationPart}Esc to ${escAction}`;
+      return t('Press Enter to continue, {{navigation}}Esc to {{action}}', {
+        navigation: navigationPart,
+        action: escAction,
+      });
     };
 
     return (
@@ -210,16 +214,16 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
             state={state}
             dispatch={dispatch}
             onNext={handleNext}
-            description="Enter a clear, unique name for this subagent."
-            placeholder="e.g., Code Reviewer"
+            description={t('Enter a clear, unique name for this subagent.')}
+            placeholder={t('e.g., Code Reviewer')}
             height={1}
             initialText={state.generatedName}
-            onChange={(t) => {
-              const value = t; // keep raw, trim later when validating
+            onChange={(text) => {
+              const value = text; // keep raw, trim later when validating
               dispatch({ type: 'SET_GENERATED_NAME', name: value });
             }}
-            validate={(t) =>
-              t.trim().length === 0 ? 'Name cannot be empty.' : null
+            validate={(text) =>
+              text.trim().length === 0 ? t('Name cannot be empty.') : null
             }
           />
         );
@@ -230,18 +234,22 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
             state={state}
             dispatch={dispatch}
             onNext={handleNext}
-            description="Write the system prompt that defines this subagent's behavior. Be comprehensive for best results."
-            placeholder="e.g., You are an expert code reviewer..."
+            description={t(
+              "Write the system prompt that defines this subagent's behavior. Be comprehensive for best results.",
+            )}
+            placeholder={t('e.g., You are an expert code reviewer...')}
             height={10}
             initialText={state.generatedSystemPrompt}
-            onChange={(t) => {
+            onChange={(text) => {
               dispatch({
                 type: 'SET_GENERATED_SYSTEM_PROMPT',
-                systemPrompt: t,
+                systemPrompt: text,
               });
             }}
-            validate={(t) =>
-              t.trim().length === 0 ? 'System prompt cannot be empty.' : null
+            validate={(text) =>
+              text.trim().length === 0
+                ? t('System prompt cannot be empty.')
+                : null
             }
           />
         );
@@ -252,15 +260,24 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
             state={state}
             dispatch={dispatch}
             onNext={handleNext}
-            description="Describe when and how this subagent should be used."
-            placeholder="e.g., Reviews code for best practices and potential bugs."
+            description={t(
+              'Describe when and how this subagent should be used.',
+            )}
+            placeholder={t(
+              'e.g., Reviews code for best practices and potential bugs.',
+            )}
             height={6}
             initialText={state.generatedDescription}
-            onChange={(t) => {
-              dispatch({ type: 'SET_GENERATED_DESCRIPTION', description: t });
+            onChange={(text) => {
+              dispatch({
+                type: 'SET_GENERATED_DESCRIPTION',
+                description: text,
+              });
             }}
-            validate={(t) =>
-              t.trim().length === 0 ? 'Description cannot be empty.' : null
+            validate={(text) =>
+              text.trim().length === 0
+                ? t('Description cannot be empty.')
+                : null
             }
           />
         );
@@ -292,7 +309,9 @@ export function AgentCreationWizard({
         return (
           <Box>
             <Text color={theme.status.error}>
-              Invalid step: {state.currentStep}
+              {t('Invalid step: {{step}}', {
+                step: state.currentStep.toString(),
+              })}
             </Text>
           </Box>
         );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/CreationSummary.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { shouldShowColor, getColorForDisplay } from '../utils.js';
 import { useLaunchEditor } from '../../../hooks/useLaunchEditor.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Step 6: Final confirmation and actions.
@@ -62,15 +63,24 @@ export function CreationSummary({
 
             if (conflictLevel === targetLevel) {
               allWarnings.push(
-                `Name "${state.generatedName}" already exists at ${conflictLevel} level - will overwrite existing subagent`,
+                t(
+                  'Name "{{name}}" already exists at {{level}} level - will overwrite existing subagent',
+                  { name: state.generatedName, level: conflictLevel },
+                ),
               );
             } else if (targetLevel === 'project') {
               allWarnings.push(
-                `Name "${state.generatedName}" exists at user level - project level will take precedence`,
+                t(
+                  'Name "{{name}}" exists at user level - project level will take precedence',
+                  { name: state.generatedName },
+                ),
               );
             } else {
               allWarnings.push(
-                `Name "${state.generatedName}" exists at project level - existing subagent will take precedence`,
+                t(
+                  'Name "{{name}}" exists at project level - existing subagent will take precedence',
+                  { name: state.generatedName },
+                ),
               );
             }
           }
@@ -83,12 +93,16 @@ export function CreationSummary({
       // Check length warnings
       if (state.generatedDescription.length > 300) {
         allWarnings.push(
-          `Description is over ${state.generatedDescription.length} characters`,
+          t('Description is over {{length}} characters', {
+            length: state.generatedDescription.length.toString(),
+          }),
         );
       }
       if (state.generatedSystemPrompt.length > 10000) {
         allWarnings.push(
-          `System prompt is over ${state.generatedSystemPrompt.length} characters`,
+          t('System prompt is over {{length}} characters', {
+            length: state.generatedSystemPrompt.length.toString(),
+          }),
         );
       }
 
@@ -181,7 +195,9 @@ export function CreationSummary({
       showSuccessAndClose();
     } catch (error) {
       setSaveError(
-        `Failed to save and edit subagent: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        t('Failed to save and edit subagent: {{error}}', {
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error',
+        }),
       );
     }
   }, [
@@ -215,13 +231,15 @@ export function CreationSummary({
       <Box flexDirection="column" gap={1}>
         <Box>
           <Text bold color={theme.status.success}>
-            ✅ Subagent Created Successfully!
+            {t('✅ Subagent Created Successfully!')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
         <Box>
           <Text>
-            Subagent &quot;{state.generatedName}&quot; has been saved to{' '}
-            {state.location} level.
+            {t('Subagent "{{name}}" has been saved to {{level}} level.', {
+              name: state.generatedName,
+              level: state.location,
+            })}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       </Box>
@@ -232,35 +250,35 @@ export function CreationSummary({
     <Box flexDirection="column" gap={1}>
       <Box flexDirection="column">
         <Box>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Name: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Name: ')}</Text>
           <Text color={getColorForDisplay(state.color)}>
             {state.generatedName}
           </Text>
         </Box>
 
         <Box>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Location: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Location: ')}</Text>
           <Text>
             {state.location === 'project'
-              ? 'Project Level (.qwen/agents/)'
-              : 'User Level (~/.qwen/agents/)'}
+              ? t('Project Level (.qwen/agents/)')
+              : t('User Level (~/.qwen/agents/)')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
 
         <Box>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Tools: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Tools: ')}</Text>
           <Text>{toolsDisplay}</Text>
         </Box>
 
         {shouldShowColor(state.color) && (
           <Box>
-            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Color: </Text>
+            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Color: ')}</Text>
             <Text color={getColorForDisplay(state.color)}>{state.color}</Text>
           </Box>
         )}
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Description:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Description:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
           <Text wrap="wrap">
@@ -269,7 +287,7 @@ export function CreationSummary({
         </Box>
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>System Prompt:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('System Prompt:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
           <Text wrap="wrap">
@@ -281,7 +299,7 @@ export function CreationSummary({
       {saveError && (
         <Box flexDirection="column">
           <Text bold color={theme.status.error}>
-            ❌ Error saving subagent:
+            {t('❌ Error saving subagent:')}
           </Text>
           <Box flexDirection="column" padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
             <Text color={theme.status.error} wrap="wrap">
@@ -294,7 +312,7 @@ export function CreationSummary({
       {warnings.length > 0 && (
         <Box flexDirection="column">
           <Text bold color={theme.status.warning}>
-            Warnings:
+            {t('Warnings:')}
           </Text>
           <Box flexDirection="column" padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
             {warnings.map((warning, index) => (

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/DescriptionInput.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { useKeypress, type Key } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
 import { keyMatchers, Command } from '../../../keyMatchers.js';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { TextInput } from '../../shared/TextInput.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Step 3: Description input with LLM generation.
@@ -103,7 +104,9 @@ export function DescriptionInput({
       dispatch({
         type: 'SET_VALIDATION_ERRORS',
         errors: [
-          `Failed to generate subagent: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+          t('Failed to generate subagent: {{error}}', {
+            error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error',
+          }),
         ],
       });
     }
@@ -135,15 +138,17 @@ export function DescriptionInput({
     isActive: state.isGenerating,
   });
 
-  const placeholder =
-    'e.g., Expert code reviewer that reviews code based on best practices...';
+  const placeholder = t(
+    'e.g., Expert code reviewer that reviews code based on best practices...',
+  );
 
   return (
     <Box flexDirection="column" gap={1}>
       <Box>
         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-          Describe what this subagent should do and when it should be used. (Be
-          comprehensive for best results)
+          {t(
+            'Describe what this subagent should do and when it should be used. (Be comprehensive for best results)',
+          )}
         </Text>
       </Box>
 
@@ -153,7 +158,7 @@ export function DescriptionInput({
             <Spinner />
           </Box>
           <Text color={theme.text.accent}>
-            Generating subagent configuration...
+            {t('Generating subagent configuration...')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       ) : (

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/GenerationMethodSelector.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import { Box } from 'ink';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from '../../shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import type { WizardStepProps } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface GenerationOption {
   label: string;
@@ -15,11 +16,15 @@ interface GenerationOption {
 
 const generationOptions: GenerationOption[] = [
   {
-    label: 'Generate with Qwen Code (Recommended)',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Generate with Qwen Code (Recommended)');
+    },
     value: 'qwen',
   },
   {
-    label: 'Manual Creation',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Manual Creation');
+    },
     value: 'manual',
   },
 ];

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/LocationSelector.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import { Box } from 'ink';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from '../../shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import type { WizardStepProps } from '../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface LocationOption {
   label: string;
@@ -15,11 +16,15 @@ interface LocationOption {
 
 const locationOptions: LocationOption[] = [
   {
-    label: 'Project Level (.qwen/agents/)',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Project Level (.qwen/agents/)');
+    },
     value: 'project',
   },
   {
-    label: 'User Level (~/.qwen/agents/)',
+    get label() {
+      return t('User Level (~/.qwen/agents/)');
+    },
     value: 'user',
   },
 ];

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/create/ToolSelector.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { RadioButtonSelect } from '../../shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import type { ToolCategory } from '../types.js';
 import { Kind, type Config } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ToolOption {
   label: string;
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export function ToolSelector({
         toolCategories: [
           {
             id: 'all',
-            name: 'All Tools (Default)',
+            name: t('All Tools (Default)'),
             tools: [],
           },
         ],
@@ -89,22 +90,22 @@ export function ToolSelector({
     const toolCategories = [
       {
         id: 'all',
-        name: 'All Tools',
+        name: t('All Tools'),
         tools: [],
       },
       {
         id: 'read',
-        name: 'Read-only Tools',
+        name: t('Read-only Tools'),
         tools: readTools,
       },
       {
         id: 'edit',
-        name: 'Read & Edit Tools',
+        name: t('Read & Edit Tools'),
         tools: [...readTools, ...editTools],
       },
       {
         id: 'execute',
-        name: 'Read & Edit & Execution Tools',
+        name: t('Read & Edit & Execution Tools'),
         tools: [...readTools, ...editTools, ...executeTools],
       },
     ].filter((category) => category.id === 'all' || category.tools.length > 0);
@@ -202,11 +203,11 @@ export function ToolSelector({
         <Box flexDirection="column">
           {currentCategory.id === 'all' ? (
             <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-              All tools selected, including MCP tools
+              {t('All tools selected, including MCP tools')}
             </Text>
           ) : currentCategory.tools.length > 0 ? (
             <>
-              <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>Selected tools:</Text>
+              <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>{t('Selected tools:')}</Text>
               <Box flexDirection="column" marginLeft={2}>
                 {(() => {
                   // Filter the already categorized tools to show only those in current category
@@ -224,17 +225,19 @@ export function ToolSelector({
                     <>
                       {categoryReadTools.length > 0 && (
                         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-                          • Read-only tools: {categoryReadTools.join(', ')}
+                          • {t('Read-only tools:')}{' '}
+                          {categoryReadTools.join(', ')}
                         </Text>
                       )}
                       {categoryEditTools.length > 0 && (
                         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-                          • Edit tools: {categoryEditTools.join(', ')}
+                          • {t('Edit tools:')} {categoryEditTools.join(', ')}
                         </Text>
                       )}
                       {categoryExecuteTools.length > 0 && (
                         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-                          • Execution tools: {categoryExecuteTools.join(', ')}
+                          • {t('Execution tools:')}{' '}
+                          {categoryExecuteTools.join(', ')}
                         </Text>
                       )}
                     </>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/ActionSelectionStep.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { Box } from 'ink';
 import { RadioButtonSelect } from '../../shared/RadioButtonSelect.js';
 import { MANAGEMENT_STEPS } from '../types.js';
 import { type SubagentConfig } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ActionSelectionStepProps {
   selectedAgent: SubagentConfig | null;
@@ -27,10 +28,34 @@ export const ActionSelectionStep = ({
 
   // Filter actions based on whether the agent is built-in
   const allActions = [
-    { key: 'view', label: 'View Agent', value: 'view' as const },
-    { key: 'edit', label: 'Edit Agent', value: 'edit' as const },
-    { key: 'delete', label: 'Delete Agent', value: 'delete' as const },
-    { key: 'back', label: 'Back', value: 'back' as const },
+    {
+      key: 'view',
+      get label() {
+        return t('View Agent');
+      },
+      value: 'view' as const,
+    },
+    {
+      key: 'edit',
+      get label() {
+        return t('Edit Agent');
+      },
+      value: 'edit' as const,
+    },
+    {
+      key: 'delete',
+      get label() {
+        return t('Delete Agent');
+      },
+      value: 'delete' as const,
+    },
+    {
+      key: 'back',
+      get label() {
+        return t('Back');
+      },
+      value: 'back' as const,
+    },
   ];
 
   const actions = selectedAgent?.isBuiltin

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/AgentDeleteStep.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { type SubagentConfig } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import type { StepNavigationProps } from '../types.js';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AgentDeleteStepProps extends StepNavigationProps {
   selectedAgent: SubagentConfig | null;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ export function AgentDeleteStep({
   if (!selectedAgent) {
     return (
       <Box>
-        <Text color={theme.status.error}>No agent selected</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.status.error}>{t('No agent selected')}</Text>
       </Box>
     );
   }
@@ -49,8 +50,9 @@ export function AgentDeleteStep({
   return (
     <Box flexDirection="column" gap={1}>
       <Text color={theme.status.error}>
-        Are you sure you want to delete agent &ldquo;{selectedAgent.name}
-        &rdquo;?
+        {t('Are you sure you want to delete agent "{{name}}"?', {
+          name: selectedAgent.name,
+        })}
       </Text>
     </Box>
   );

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/AgentEditStep.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { MANAGEMENT_STEPS } from '../types.js';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { useLaunchEditor } from '../../../hooks/useLaunchEditor.js';
 import { type SubagentConfig } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface EditOption {
   id: string;
@@ -20,15 +21,21 @@ interface EditOption {
 const editOptions: EditOption[] = [
   {
     id: 'editor',
-    label: 'Open in editor',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Open in editor');
+    },
   },
   {
     id: 'tools',
-    label: 'Edit tools',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Edit tools');
+    },
   },
   {
     id: 'color',
-    label: 'Edit color',
+    get label() {
+      return t('Edit color');
+    },
   },
 ];
 
@@ -65,7 +72,9 @@ export function EditOptionsStep({
           await launchEditor(selectedAgent?.filePath);
         } catch (err) {
           setError(
-            `Failed to launch editor: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+            t('Failed to launch editor: {{error}}', {
+              error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Unknown error',
+            }),
           );
         }
       } else if (selectedValue === 'tools') {
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ export function EditOptionsStep({
       {error && (
         <Box flexDirection="column">
           <Text bold color={theme.status.error}>
-            ❌ Error:
+            {t('❌ Error:')}
           </Text>
           <Box flexDirection="column" padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
             <Text color={theme.status.error} wrap="wrap">

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/AgentSelectionStep.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
 import { type SubagentConfig } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface NavigationState {
   currentBlock: 'project' | 'user' | 'builtin';
@@ -205,9 +206,9 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
   if (availableAgents.length === 0) {
     return (
       <Box flexDirection="column">
-        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>No subagents found.</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>{t('No subagents found.')}</Text>
         <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-          Use &apos;/agents create&apos; to create your first subagent.
+          {t("Use '/agents create' to create your first subagent.")}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     );
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
           {agent.isBuiltin && (
             <Text color={isSelected ? theme.text.accent : theme.text.secondary}>
               {' '}
-              (built-in)
+              {t('(built-in)')}
             </Text>
           )}
           {agent.level === 'user' && projectNames.has(agent.name) && (
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
               color={isSelected ? theme.status.warning : theme.text.secondary}
             >
               {' '}
-              (overridden by project level agent)
+              {t('(overridden by project level agent)')}
             </Text>
           )}
         </Text>
@@ -265,7 +266,9 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
       {projectAgents.length > 0 && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary} bold>
-            Project Level ({projectAgents[0].filePath.replace(/\/[^/]+$/, '')})
+            {t('Project Level ({{path}})', {
+              path: projectAgents[0].filePath.replace(/\/[^/]+$/, ''),
+            })}
           </Text>
           <Box marginTop={1} flexDirection="column">
             {projectAgents.map((agent, index) => {
@@ -285,7 +288,9 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
           marginBottom={builtinAgents.length > 0 ? 1 : 0}
         >
           <Text color={theme.text.primary} bold>
-            User Level ({userAgents[0].filePath.replace(/\/[^/]+$/, '')})
+            {t('User Level ({{path}})', {
+              path: userAgents[0].filePath.replace(/\/[^/]+$/, ''),
+            })}
           </Text>
           <Box marginTop={1} flexDirection="column">
             {userAgents.map((agent, index) => {
@@ -302,7 +307,7 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
       {builtinAgents.length > 0 && (
         <Box flexDirection="column">
           <Text color={theme.text.primary} bold>
-            Built-in Agents
+            {t('Built-in Agents')}
           </Text>
           <Box marginTop={1} flexDirection="column">
             {builtinAgents.map((agent, index) => {
@@ -321,7 +326,9 @@ export const AgentSelectionStep = ({
         builtinAgents.length > 0) && (
         <Box marginTop={1}>
           <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
-            Using: {enabledAgentsCount} agents
+            {t('Using: {{count}} agents', {
+              count: enabledAgentsCount.toString(),
+            })}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/AgentViewerStep.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { shouldShowColor, getColorForDisplay } from '../utils.js';
 import { type SubagentConfig } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AgentViewerStepProps {
   selectedAgent: SubagentConfig | null;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ export const AgentViewerStep = ({ selectedAgent }: AgentViewerStepProps) => {
   if (!selectedAgent) {
     return (
       <Box>
-        <Text color={theme.status.error}>No agent selected</Text>
+        <Text color={theme.status.error}>{t('No agent selected')}</Text>
       </Box>
     );
   }
@@ -30,31 +31,31 @@ export const AgentViewerStep = ({ selectedAgent }: AgentViewerStepProps) => {
     <Box flexDirection="column" gap={1}>
       <Box flexDirection="column">
         <Box>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>File Path: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('File Path: ')}</Text>
           <Text>{agent.filePath}</Text>
         </Box>
 
         <Box>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Tools: </Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Tools: ')}</Text>
           <Text>{toolsDisplay}</Text>
         </Box>
 
         {shouldShowColor(agent.color) && (
           <Box>
-            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Color: </Text>
+            <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Color: ')}</Text>
             <Text color={getColorForDisplay(agent.color)}>{agent.color}</Text>
           </Box>
         )}
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Description:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Description:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
           <Text wrap="wrap">{agent.description}</Text>
         </Box>
 
         <Box marginTop={1}>
-          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>System Prompt:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('System Prompt:')}</Text>
         </Box>
         <Box padding={1} paddingBottom={0}>
           <Text wrap="wrap">{agent.systemPrompt}</Text>

packages/cli/src/ui/components/subagents/manage/AgentsManagerDialog.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { theme } from '../../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { getColorForDisplay, shouldShowColor } from '../utils.js';
 import type { SubagentConfig, Config } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import { useKeypress } from '../../../hooks/useKeypress.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface AgentsManagerDialogProps {
   onClose: () => void;
@@ -143,21 +144,21 @@ export function AgentsManagerDialog({
     const getStepHeaderText = () => {
       switch (currentStep) {
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.AGENT_SELECTION:
-          return 'Agents';
+          return t('Agents');
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.ACTION_SELECTION:
-          return 'Choose Action';
+          return t('Choose Action');
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.AGENT_VIEWER:
           return selectedAgent?.name;
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.EDIT_OPTIONS:
-          return `Edit ${selectedAgent?.name}`;
+          return t('Edit {{name}}', { name: selectedAgent?.name || '' });
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.EDIT_TOOLS:
-          return `Edit Tools: ${selectedAgent?.name}`;
+          return t('Edit Tools: {{name}}', { name: selectedAgent?.name || '' });
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.EDIT_COLOR:
-          return `Edit Color: ${selectedAgent?.name}`;
+          return t('Edit Color: {{name}}', { name: selectedAgent?.name || '' });
         case MANAGEMENT_STEPS.DELETE_CONFIRMATION:
-          return `Delete ${selectedAgent?.name}`;
+          return t('Delete {{name}}', { name: selectedAgent?.name || '' });
         default:
-          return 'Unknown Step';
+          return t('Unknown Step');
       }
     };
 
@@ -183,20 +184,20 @@ export function AgentsManagerDialog({
     const getNavigationInstructions = () => {
       if (currentStep === MANAGEMENT_STEPS.AGENT_SELECTION) {
         if (availableAgents.length === 0) {
-          return 'Esc to close';
+          return t('Esc to close');
         }
-        return 'Enter to select, ↑↓ to navigate, Esc to close';
+        return t('Enter to select, ↑↓ to navigate, Esc to close');
       }
 
       if (currentStep === MANAGEMENT_STEPS.AGENT_VIEWER) {
-        return 'Esc to go back';
+        return t('Esc to go back');
       }
 
       if (currentStep === MANAGEMENT_STEPS.DELETE_CONFIRMATION) {
-        return 'Enter to confirm, Esc to cancel';
+        return t('Enter to confirm, Esc to cancel');
       }
 
-      return 'Enter to select, ↑↓ to navigate, Esc to go back';
+      return t('Enter to select, ↑↓ to navigate, Esc to go back');
     };
 
     return (
@@ -295,7 +296,9 @@ export function AgentsManagerDialog({
       default:
         return (
           <Box>
-            <Text color={theme.status.error}>Invalid step: {currentStep}</Text>
+            <Text color={theme.status.error}>
+              {t('Invalid step: {{step}}', { step: currentStep })}
+            </Text>
           </Box>
         );
     }

packages/cli/src/ui/components/views/McpStatus.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type {
   JsonMcpPrompt,
   JsonMcpTool,
 } from '../../types.js';
+import { t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface McpStatusProps {
   servers: Record<string, MCPServerConfig>;
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
   if (serverNames.length === 0 && blockedServers.length === 0) {
     return (
       <Box flexDirection="column">
-        <Text>No MCP servers configured.</Text>
+        <Text>{t('No MCP servers configured.')}</Text>
         <Text>
-          Please view MCP documentation in your browser:{' '}
+          {t('Please view MCP documentation in your browser:')}{' '}
           <Text color={theme.text.link}>
             https://goo.gle/gemini-cli-docs-mcp
           </Text>{' '}
-          or use the cli /docs command
+          {t('or use the cli /docs command')}
         </Text>
       </Box>
     );
@@ -64,17 +65,19 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
       {discoveryInProgress && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
           <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
-            ⏳ MCP servers are starting up ({connectingServers.length}{' '}
-            initializing)...
+            {t('⏳ MCP servers are starting up ({{count}} initializing)...', {
+              count: String(connectingServers.length),
+            })}
           </Text>
           <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
-            Note: First startup may take longer. Tool availability will update
-            automatically.
+            {t(
+              'Note: First startup may take longer. Tool availability will update automatically.',
+            )}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}
 
-      <Text bold>Configured MCP servers:</Text>
+      <Text bold>{t('Configured MCP servers:')}</Text>
       <Box height={1} />
 
       {serverNames.map((serverName) => {
@@ -100,50 +103,61 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
         switch (status) {
           case MCPServerStatus.CONNECTED:
             statusIndicator = '🟢';
-            statusText = 'Ready';
+            statusText = t('Ready');
             statusColor = theme.status.success;
             break;
           case MCPServerStatus.CONNECTING:
             statusIndicator = '🔄';
-            statusText = 'Starting... (first startup may take longer)';
+            statusText = t('Starting... (first startup may take longer)');
             statusColor = theme.status.warning;
             break;
           case MCPServerStatus.DISCONNECTED:
           default:
             statusIndicator = '🔴';
-            statusText = 'Disconnected';
+            statusText = t('Disconnected');
             statusColor = theme.status.error;
             break;
         }
 
         let serverDisplayName = serverName;
         if (server.extensionName) {
-          serverDisplayName += ` (from ${server.extensionName})`;
+          serverDisplayName += ` ${t('(from {{extensionName}})', {
+            extensionName: server.extensionName,
+          })}`;
         }
 
         const toolCount = serverTools.length;
         const promptCount = serverPrompts.length;
         const parts = [];
         if (toolCount > 0) {
-          parts.push(`${toolCount} ${toolCount === 1 ? 'tool' : 'tools'}`);
+          parts.push(
+            toolCount === 1
+              ? t('{{count}} tool', { count: String(toolCount) })
+              : t('{{count}} tools', { count: String(toolCount) }),
+          );
         }
         if (promptCount > 0) {
           parts.push(
-            `${promptCount} ${promptCount === 1 ? 'prompt' : 'prompts'}`,
+            promptCount === 1
+              ? t('{{count}} prompt', { count: String(promptCount) })
+              : t('{{count}} prompts', { count: String(promptCount) }),
           );
         }
 
         const serverAuthStatus = authStatus[serverName];
         let authStatusNode: React.ReactNode = null;
         if (serverAuthStatus === 'authenticated') {
-          authStatusNode = <Text> (OAuth)</Text>;
+          authStatusNode = <Text> ({t('OAuth')})</Text>;
         } else if (serverAuthStatus === 'expired') {
           authStatusNode = (
-            <Text color={theme.status.error}> (OAuth expired)</Text>
+            <Text color={theme.status.error}> ({t('OAuth expired')})</Text>
           );
         } else if (serverAuthStatus === 'unauthenticated') {
           authStatusNode = (
-            <Text color={theme.status.warning}> (OAuth not authenticated)</Text>
+            <Text color={theme.status.warning}>
+              {' '}
+              ({t('OAuth not authenticated')})
+            </Text>
           );
         }
 
@@ -162,10 +176,12 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
               {authStatusNode}
             </Box>
             {status === MCPServerStatus.CONNECTING && (
-              <Text> (tools and prompts will appear when ready)</Text>
+              <Text> ({t('tools and prompts will appear when ready')})</Text>
             )}
             {status === MCPServerStatus.DISCONNECTED && toolCount > 0 && (
-              <Text> ({toolCount} tools cached)</Text>
+              <Text>
+                ({t('{{count}} tools cached', { count: String(toolCount) })})
+              </Text>
             )}
 
             {showDescriptions && server?.description && (
@@ -176,7 +192,7 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
 
             {serverTools.length > 0 && (
               <Box flexDirection="column" marginLeft={2}>
-                <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Tools:</Text>
+                <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Tools:')}</Text>
                 {serverTools.map((tool) => {
                   const schemaContent =
                     showSchema &&
@@ -204,7 +220,9 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
                       )}
                       {schemaContent && (
                         <Box flexDirection="column" marginLeft={4}>
-                          <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>Parameters:</Text>
+                          <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
+                            {t('Parameters:')}
+                          </Text>
                           <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>
                             {schemaContent}
                           </Text>
@@ -218,7 +236,7 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
 
             {serverPrompts.length > 0 && (
               <Box flexDirection="column" marginLeft={2}>
-                <Text color={theme.text.primary}>Prompts:</Text>
+                <Text color={theme.text.primary}>{t('Prompts:')}</Text>
                 {serverPrompts.map((prompt) => (
                   <Box key={prompt.name} flexDirection="column">
                     <Text>
@@ -244,35 +262,41 @@ export const McpStatus: React.FC<McpStatusProps> = ({
           <Text color={theme.status.error}>🔴 </Text>
           <Text bold>
             {server.name}
-            {server.extensionName ? ` (from ${server.extensionName})` : ''}
+            {server.extensionName
+              ? ` ${t('(from {{extensionName}})', {
+                  extensionName: server.extensionName,
+                })}`
+              : ''}
           </Text>
-          <Text> - Blocked</Text>
+          <Text> - {t('Blocked')}</Text>
         </Box>
       ))}
 
       {showTips && (
         <Box flexDirection="column" marginTop={1}>
-          <Text color={theme.text.accent}>💡 Tips:</Text>
+          <Text color={theme.text.accent}>{t('💡 Tips:')}</Text>
           <Text>
-            {'  '}- Use <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp desc</Text> to show
-            server and tool descriptions
+            {'  '}- {t('Use')} <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp desc</Text>{' '}
+            {t('to show server and tool descriptions')}
           </Text>
           <Text>
-            {'  '}- Use <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp schema</Text> to
-            show tool parameter schemas
+            {'  '}- {t('Use')}{' '}
+            <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp schema</Text>{' '}
+            {t('to show tool parameter schemas')}
           </Text>
           <Text>
-            {'  '}- Use <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp nodesc</Text> to
-            hide descriptions
+            {'  '}- {t('Use')}{' '}
+            <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp nodesc</Text>{' '}
+            {t('to hide descriptions')}
           </Text>
           <Text>
-            {'  '}- Use{' '}
+            {'  '}- {t('Use')}{' '}
             <Text color={theme.text.accent}>/mcp auth &lt;server-name&gt;</Text>{' '}
-            to authenticate with OAuth-enabled servers
+            {t('to authenticate with OAuth-enabled servers')}
           </Text>
           <Text>
-            {'  '}- Press <Text color={theme.text.accent}>Ctrl+T</Text> to
-            toggle tool descriptions on/off
+            {'  '}- {t('Press')} <Text color={theme.text.accent}>Ctrl+T</Text>{' '}
+            {t('to toggle tool descriptions on/off')}
           </Text>
         </Box>
       )}

packages/cli/src/ui/components/views/ToolsList.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import { theme } from '../../semantic-colors.js';
 import { type ToolDefinition } from '../../types.js';
 import { MarkdownDisplay } from '../../utils/MarkdownDisplay.js';
+import { t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface ToolsListProps {
   tools: readonly ToolDefinition[];
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ export const ToolsList: React.FC<ToolsListProps> = ({
 }) => (
   <Box flexDirection="column" marginBottom={1}>
     <Text bold color={theme.text.primary}>
-      Available Qwen Code CLI tools:
+      {t('Available Qwen Code CLI tools:')}
     </Text>
     <Box height={1} />
     {tools.length > 0 ? (
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ export const ToolsList: React.FC<ToolsListProps> = ({
         </Box>
       ))
     ) : (
-      <Text color={theme.text.primary}> No tools available</Text>
+      <Text color={theme.text.primary}> {t('No tools available')}</Text>
     )}
   </Box>
 );

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/usePhraseCycler.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
+import { useState, useEffect, useRef, useMemo } from 'react';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const WITTY_LOADING_PHRASES = [
   "I'm Feeling Lucky",
@@ -151,10 +152,14 @@ export const usePhraseCycler = (
   isWaiting: boolean,
   customPhrases?: string[],
 ) => {
-  const loadingPhrases =
-    customPhrases && customPhrases.length > 0
-      ? customPhrases
-      : WITTY_LOADING_PHRASES;
+  // Translate all phrases at once if using default phrases
+  const loadingPhrases = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      customPhrases && customPhrases.length > 0
+        ? customPhrases
+        : WITTY_LOADING_PHRASES.map((phrase) => t(phrase)),
+    [customPhrases],
+  );
 
   const [currentLoadingPhrase, setCurrentLoadingPhrase] = useState(
     loadingPhrases[0],
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ export const usePhraseCycler = (
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (isWaiting) {
-      setCurrentLoadingPhrase('Waiting for user confirmation...');
+      setCurrentLoadingPhrase(t('Waiting for user confirmation...'));
       if (phraseIntervalRef.current) {
         clearInterval(phraseIntervalRef.current);
         phraseIntervalRef.current = null;

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useThemeCommand.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { themeManager } from '../themes/theme-manager.js';
 import type { LoadedSettings, SettingScope } from '../../config/settings.js'; // Import LoadedSettings, AppSettings, MergedSetting
 import { type HistoryItem, MessageType } from '../types.js';
 import process from 'node:process';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 interface UseThemeCommandReturn {
   isThemeDialogOpen: boolean;
@@ -34,7 +35,9 @@ export const useThemeCommand = (
       addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.INFO,
-          text: 'Theme configuration unavailable due to NO_COLOR env variable.',
+          text: t(
+            'Theme configuration unavailable due to NO_COLOR env variable.',
+          ),
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
@@ -48,7 +51,11 @@ export const useThemeCommand = (
       if (!themeManager.setActiveTheme(themeName)) {
         // If theme is not found, open the theme selection dialog and set error message
         setIsThemeDialogOpen(true);
-        setThemeError(`Theme "${themeName}" not found.`);
+        setThemeError(
+          t('Theme "{{themeName}}" not found.', {
+            themeName: themeName ?? '',
+          }),
+        );
       } else {
         setThemeError(null); // Clear any previous theme error on success
       }
@@ -75,7 +82,11 @@ export const useThemeCommand = (
         const isBuiltIn = themeManager.findThemeByName(themeName);
         const isCustom = themeName && mergedCustomThemes[themeName];
         if (!isBuiltIn && !isCustom) {
-          setThemeError(`Theme "${themeName}" not found in selected scope.`);
+          setThemeError(
+            t('Theme "{{themeName}}" not found in selected scope.', {
+              themeName: themeName ?? '',
+            }),
+          );
           setIsThemeDialogOpen(true);
           return;
         }

packages/cli/src/ui/models/availableModels.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 import { AuthType, DEFAULT_QWEN_MODEL } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export type AvailableModel = {
   id: string;
@@ -20,14 +21,20 @@ export const AVAILABLE_MODELS_QWEN: AvailableModel[] = [
   {
     id: MAINLINE_CODER,
     label: MAINLINE_CODER,
-    description:
-      'The latest Qwen Coder model from Alibaba Cloud ModelStudio (version: qwen3-coder-plus-2025-09-23)',
+    get description() {
+      return t(
+        'The latest Qwen Coder model from Alibaba Cloud ModelStudio (version: qwen3-coder-plus-2025-09-23)',
+      );
+    },
   },
   {
     id: MAINLINE_VLM,
     label: MAINLINE_VLM,
-    description:
-      'The latest Qwen Vision model from Alibaba Cloud ModelStudio (version: qwen3-vl-plus-2025-09-23)',
+    get description() {
+      return t(
+        'The latest Qwen Vision model from Alibaba Cloud ModelStudio (version: qwen3-vl-plus-2025-09-23)',
+      );
+    },
     isVision: true,
   },
 ];

packages/cli/src/ui/utils/terminalSetup.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { exec } from 'node:child_process';
 import { promisify } from 'node:util';
 import { isKittyProtocolEnabled } from './kittyProtocolDetector.js';
 import { VSCODE_SHIFT_ENTER_SEQUENCE } from './platformConstants.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 const execAsync = promisify(exec);
 
@@ -146,7 +147,10 @@ async function configureVSCodeStyle(
   if (!configDir) {
     return {
       success: false,
-      message: `Could not determine ${terminalName} config path on Windows: APPDATA environment variable is not set.`,
+      message: t(
+        'Could not determine {{terminalName}} config path on Windows: APPDATA environment variable is not set.',
+        { terminalName },
+      ),
     };
   }
 
@@ -166,9 +170,12 @@ async function configureVSCodeStyle(
           return {
             success: false,
             message:
-              `${terminalName} keybindings.json exists but is not a valid JSON array. ` +
-              `Please fix the file manually or delete it to allow automatic configuration.\n` +
-              `File: ${keybindingsFile}`,
+              t(
+                '{{terminalName}} keybindings.json exists but is not a valid JSON array. Please fix the file manually or delete it to allow automatic configuration.',
+                { terminalName },
+              ) +
+              '\n' +
+              t('File: {{file}}', { file: keybindingsFile }),
           };
         }
         keybindings = parsedContent;
@@ -176,10 +183,14 @@ async function configureVSCodeStyle(
         return {
           success: false,
           message:
-            `Failed to parse ${terminalName} keybindings.json. The file contains invalid JSON.\n` +
-            `Please fix the file manually or delete it to allow automatic configuration.\n` +
-            `File: ${keybindingsFile}\n` +
-            `Error: ${parseError}`,
+            t(
+              'Failed to parse {{terminalName}} keybindings.json. The file contains invalid JSON. Please fix the file manually or delete it to allow automatic configuration.',
+              { terminalName },
+            ) +
+            '\n' +
+            t('File: {{file}}', { file: keybindingsFile }) +
+            '\n' +
+            t('Error: {{error}}', { error: String(parseError) }),
         };
       }
     } catch {
@@ -214,18 +225,23 @@ async function configureVSCodeStyle(
     if (existingShiftEnter || existingCtrlEnter) {
       const messages: string[] = [];
       if (existingShiftEnter) {
-        messages.push(`- Shift+Enter binding already exists`);
+        messages.push('- ' + t('Shift+Enter binding already exists'));
       }
       if (existingCtrlEnter) {
-        messages.push(`- Ctrl+Enter binding already exists`);
+        messages.push('- ' + t('Ctrl+Enter binding already exists'));
       }
       return {
         success: false,
         message:
-          `Existing keybindings detected. Will not modify to avoid conflicts.\n` +
+          t(
+            'Existing keybindings detected. Will not modify to avoid conflicts.',
+          ) +
+          '\n' +
           messages.join('\n') +
           '\n' +
-          `Please check and modify manually if needed: ${keybindingsFile}`,
+          t('Please check and modify manually if needed: {{file}}', {
+            file: keybindingsFile,
+          }),
       };
     }
 
@@ -263,19 +279,34 @@ async function configureVSCodeStyle(
       await fs.writeFile(keybindingsFile, JSON.stringify(keybindings, null, 4));
       return {
         success: true,
-        message: `Added Shift+Enter and Ctrl+Enter keybindings to ${terminalName}.\nModified: ${keybindingsFile}`,
+        message:
+          t(
+            'Added Shift+Enter and Ctrl+Enter keybindings to {{terminalName}}.',
+            {
+              terminalName,
+            },
+          ) +
+          '\n' +
+          t('Modified: {{file}}', { file: keybindingsFile }),
         requiresRestart: true,
       };
     } else {
       return {
         success: true,
-        message: `${terminalName} keybindings already configured.`,
+        message: t('{{terminalName}} keybindings already configured.', {
+          terminalName,
+        }),
       };
     }
   } catch (error) {
     return {
       success: false,
-      message: `Failed to configure ${terminalName}.\nFile: ${keybindingsFile}\nError: ${error}`,
+      message:
+        t('Failed to configure {{terminalName}}.', { terminalName }) +
+        '\n' +
+        t('File: {{file}}', { file: keybindingsFile }) +
+        '\n' +
+        t('Error: {{error}}', { error: String(error) }),
     };
   }
 }
@@ -322,8 +353,9 @@ export async function terminalSetup(): Promise<TerminalSetupResult> {
   if (isKittyProtocolEnabled()) {
     return {
       success: true,
-      message:
+      message: t(
         'Your terminal is already configured for an optimal experience with multiline input (Shift+Enter and Ctrl+Enter).',
+      ),
     };
   }
 
@@ -332,8 +364,9 @@ export async function terminalSetup(): Promise<TerminalSetupResult> {
   if (!terminal) {
     return {
       success: false,
-      message:
-        'Could not detect terminal type. Supported terminals: VS Code, Cursor, and Windsurf.',
+      message: t(
+        'Could not detect terminal type. Supported terminals: VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, and Trae.',
+      ),
     };
   }
 
@@ -349,7 +382,9 @@ export async function terminalSetup(): Promise<TerminalSetupResult> {
     default:
       return {
         success: false,
-        message: `Terminal "${terminal}" is not supported yet.`,
+        message: t('Terminal "{{terminal}}" is not supported yet.', {
+          terminal,
+        }),
       };
   }
 }

packages/cli/src/utils/settingsUtils.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import type {
   SettingsValue,
 } from '../config/settingsSchema.js';
 import { getSettingsSchema } from '../config/settingsSchema.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 // The schema is now nested, but many parts of the UI and logic work better
 // with a flattened structure and dot-notation keys. This section flattens the
@@ -446,7 +447,11 @@ export function getDisplayValue(
 
   if (definition?.type === 'enum' && definition.options) {
     const option = definition.options?.find((option) => option.value === value);
-    valueString = option?.label ?? `${value}`;
+    if (option?.label) {
+      valueString = t(option.label) || option.label;
+    } else {
+      valueString = `${value}`;
+    }
   }
 
   // Check if value is different from default OR if it's in modified settings OR if there are pending changes

packages/cli/src/utils/systemInfoFields.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ExtendedSystemInfo } from './systemInfo.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Field configuration for system information display
@@ -23,59 +24,59 @@ export function getSystemInfoFields(
 ): SystemInfoField[] {
   const allFields: SystemInfoField[] = [
     {
-      label: 'CLI Version',
+      label: t('CLI Version'),
       key: 'cliVersion',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Git Commit',
+      label: t('Git Commit'),
       key: 'gitCommit',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Model',
+      label: t('Model'),
       key: 'modelVersion',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Sandbox',
+      label: t('Sandbox'),
       key: 'sandboxEnv',
     },
     {
-      label: 'OS Platform',
+      label: t('OS Platform'),
       key: 'osPlatform',
     },
     {
-      label: 'OS Arch',
+      label: t('OS Arch'),
       key: 'osArch',
     },
     {
-      label: 'OS Release',
+      label: t('OS Release'),
       key: 'osRelease',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Node.js Version',
+      label: t('Node.js Version'),
       key: 'nodeVersion',
     },
     {
-      label: 'NPM Version',
+      label: t('NPM Version'),
       key: 'npmVersion',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Session ID',
+      label: t('Session ID'),
       key: 'sessionId',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Auth Method',
+      label: t('Auth Method'),
       key: 'selectedAuthType',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Base URL',
+      label: t('Base URL'),
       key: 'baseUrl',
     },
     {
-      label: 'Memory Usage',
+      label: t('Memory Usage'),
       key: 'memoryUsage',
     },
     {
-      label: 'IDE Client',
+      label: t('IDE Client'),
       key: 'ideClient',
     },
   ];

scripts/check-i18n.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { glob } from 'glob';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
+import { dirname } from 'path';
+
+// Get __dirname for ESM modules
+// @ts-expect-error - import.meta is supported in NodeNext module system at runtime
+const __dirname = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+interface CheckResult {
+  success: boolean;
+  errors: string[];
+  warnings: string[];
+  stats: {
+    totalKeys: number;
+    translatedKeys: number;
+    unusedKeys: string[];
+    unusedKeysOnlyInLocales?: string[]; // 新增：只在 locales 中存在的未使用键
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Load translations from JS file
+ */
+async function loadTranslationsFile(
+  filePath: string,
+): Promise<Record<string, string>> {
+  try {
+    // Dynamic import for ES modules
+    const module = await import(filePath);
+    return module.default || module;
+  } catch (error) {
+    // Fallback: try reading as JSON if JS import fails
+    try {
+      const content = fs.readFileSync(
+        filePath.replace('.js', '.json'),
+        'utf-8',
+      );
+      return JSON.parse(content);
+    } catch {
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract string literal from code, handling escaped quotes
+ */
+function extractStringLiteral(
+  content: string,
+  startPos: number,
+  quote: string,
+): { value: string; endPos: number } | null {
+  let pos = startPos + 1; // Skip opening quote
+  let value = '';
+  let escaped = false;
+
+  while (pos < content.length) {
+    const char = content[pos];
+
+    if (escaped) {
+      if (char === '\\') {
+        value += '\\';
+      } else if (char === quote) {
+        value += quote;
+      } else if (char === 'n') {
+        value += '\n';
+      } else if (char === 't') {
+        value += '\t';
+      } else if (char === 'r') {
+        value += '\r';
+      } else {
+        value += char;
+      }
+      escaped = false;
+    } else if (char === '\\') {
+      escaped = true;
+    } else if (char === quote) {
+      return { value, endPos: pos };
+    } else {
+      value += char;
+    }
+
+    pos++;
+  }
+
+  return null; // String not closed
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract all t() calls from source files
+ */
+async function extractUsedKeys(sourceDir: string): Promise<Set<string>> {
+  const usedKeys = new Set<string>();
+
+  // Find all TypeScript/TSX files
+  const files = await glob('**/*.{ts,tsx}', {
+    cwd: sourceDir,
+    ignore: [
+      '**/node_modules/**',
+      '**/dist/**',
+      '**/*.test.ts',
+      '**/*.test.tsx',
+    ],
+  });
+
+  for (const file of files) {
+    const filePath = path.join(sourceDir, file);
+    try {
+      const content = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
+
+      // Find all t( calls
+      const tCallRegex = /t\s*\(/g;
+      let match;
+      while ((match = tCallRegex.exec(content)) !== null) {
+        const startPos = match.index + match[0].length;
+        let pos = startPos;
+
+        // Skip whitespace
+        while (pos < content.length && /\s/.test(content[pos])) {
+          pos++;
+        }
+
+        if (pos >= content.length) continue;
+
+        const char = content[pos];
+        if (char === "'" || char === '"') {
+          const result = extractStringLiteral(content, pos, char);
+          if (result) {
+            usedKeys.add(result.value);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Skip files that can't be read
+      continue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return usedKeys;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check key-value consistency in en.js
+ */
+function checkKeyValueConsistency(
+  enTranslations: Record<string, string>,
+): string[] {
+  const errors: string[] = [];
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(enTranslations)) {
+    if (key !== value) {
+      errors.push(`Key-value mismatch: "${key}" !== "${value}"`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return errors;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if en.js and zh.js have matching keys
+ */
+function checkKeyMatching(
+  enTranslations: Record<string, string>,
+  zhTranslations: Record<string, string>,
+): string[] {
+  const errors: string[] = [];
+  const enKeys = new Set(Object.keys(enTranslations));
+  const zhKeys = new Set(Object.keys(zhTranslations));
+
+  // Check for keys in en but not in zh
+  for (const key of enKeys) {
+    if (!zhKeys.has(key)) {
+      errors.push(`Missing translation in zh.js: "${key}"`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check for keys in zh but not in en
+  for (const key of zhKeys) {
+    if (!enKeys.has(key)) {
+      errors.push(`Extra key in zh.js (not in en.js): "${key}"`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return errors;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find unused translation keys
+ */
+function findUnusedKeys(allKeys: Set<string>, usedKeys: Set<string>): string[] {
+  return Array.from(allKeys)
+    .filter((key) => !usedKeys.has(key))
+    .sort();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Save keys that exist only in locale files to a JSON file
+ * @param keysOnlyInLocales Array of keys that exist only in locale files
+ * @param outputPath Path to save the JSON file
+ */
+function saveKeysOnlyInLocalesToJson(
+  keysOnlyInLocales: string[],
+  outputPath: string,
+): void {
+  try {
+    const data = {
+      generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+      keys: keysOnlyInLocales,
+      count: keysOnlyInLocales.length,
+    };
+    fs.writeFileSync(outputPath, JSON.stringify(data, null, 2));
+    console.log(`Keys that exist only in locale files saved to: ${outputPath}`);
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Failed to save keys to JSON file: ${error}`);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if unused keys exist only in locale files and nowhere else in the codebase
+ * Optimized to search all keys in a single pass instead of multiple grep calls
+ * @param unusedKeys The list of unused keys to check
+ * @param sourceDir The source directory to search in
+ * @param localesDir The locales directory to exclude from search
+ * @returns Array of keys that exist only in locale files
+ */
+async function findKeysOnlyInLocales(
+  unusedKeys: string[],
+  sourceDir: string,
+  localesDir: string,
+): Promise<string[]> {
+  if (unusedKeys.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const keysOnlyInLocales: string[] = [];
+  const localesDirName = path.basename(localesDir);
+
+  // Find all TypeScript/TSX files (excluding locales, node_modules, dist, and test files)
+  const files = await glob('**/*.{ts,tsx}', {
+    cwd: sourceDir,
+    ignore: [
+      '**/node_modules/**',
+      '**/dist/**',
+      '**/*.test.ts',
+      '**/*.test.tsx',
+      `**/${localesDirName}/**`,
+    ],
+  });
+
+  // Read all files and check for key usage
+  const foundKeys = new Set<string>();
+
+  for (const file of files) {
+    const filePath = path.join(sourceDir, file);
+    try {
+      const content = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
+
+      // Check each unused key in the file content
+      for (const key of unusedKeys) {
+        if (!foundKeys.has(key) && content.includes(key)) {
+          foundKeys.add(key);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Skip files that can't be read
+      continue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Keys that were not found in any source files exist only in locales
+  for (const key of unusedKeys) {
+    if (!foundKeys.has(key)) {
+      keysOnlyInLocales.push(key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return keysOnlyInLocales;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main check function
+ */
+async function checkI18n(): Promise<CheckResult> {
+  const errors: string[] = [];
+  const warnings: string[] = [];
+
+  const localesDir = path.join(__dirname, '../packages/cli/src/i18n/locales');
+  const sourceDir = path.join(__dirname, '../packages/cli/src');
+
+  const enPath = path.join(localesDir, 'en.js');
+  const zhPath = path.join(localesDir, 'zh.js');
+
+  // Load translation files
+  let enTranslations: Record<string, string>;
+  let zhTranslations: Record<string, string>;
+
+  try {
+    enTranslations = await loadTranslationsFile(enPath);
+  } catch (error) {
+    errors.push(
+      `Failed to load en.js: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`,
+    );
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      errors,
+      warnings,
+      stats: { totalKeys: 0, translatedKeys: 0, unusedKeys: [] },
+    };
+  }
+
+  try {
+    zhTranslations = await loadTranslationsFile(zhPath);
+  } catch (error) {
+    errors.push(
+      `Failed to load zh.js: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`,
+    );
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      errors,
+      warnings,
+      stats: { totalKeys: 0, translatedKeys: 0, unusedKeys: [] },
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Check key-value consistency in en.js
+  const consistencyErrors = checkKeyValueConsistency(enTranslations);
+  errors.push(...consistencyErrors);
+
+  // Check key matching between en and zh
+  const matchingErrors = checkKeyMatching(enTranslations, zhTranslations);
+  errors.push(...matchingErrors);
+
+  // Extract used keys from source code
+  const usedKeys = await extractUsedKeys(sourceDir);
+
+  // Find unused keys
+  const enKeys = new Set(Object.keys(enTranslations));
+  const unusedKeys = findUnusedKeys(enKeys, usedKeys);
+
+  // Find keys that exist only in locales (and nowhere else in the codebase)
+  const unusedKeysOnlyInLocales =
+    unusedKeys.length > 0
+      ? await findKeysOnlyInLocales(unusedKeys, sourceDir, localesDir)
+      : [];
+
+  if (unusedKeys.length > 0) {
+    warnings.push(`Found ${unusedKeys.length} unused translation keys`);
+  }
+
+  const totalKeys = Object.keys(enTranslations).length;
+  const translatedKeys = Object.keys(zhTranslations).length;
+
+  return {
+    success: errors.length === 0,
+    errors,
+    warnings,
+    stats: {
+      totalKeys,
+      translatedKeys,
+      unusedKeys,
+      unusedKeysOnlyInLocales,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+// Run checks
+async function main() {
+  const result = await checkI18n();
+
+  console.log('\n=== i18n Check Results ===\n');
+
+  console.log(`Total keys: ${result.stats.totalKeys}`);
+  console.log(`Translated keys: ${result.stats.translatedKeys}`);
+  const coverage =
+    result.stats.totalKeys > 0
+      ? ((result.stats.translatedKeys / result.stats.totalKeys) * 100).toFixed(
+          1,
+        )
+      : '0.0';
+  console.log(`Translation coverage: ${coverage}%\n`);
+
+  if (result.warnings.length > 0) {
+    console.log('⚠️  Warnings:');
+    result.warnings.forEach((warning) => console.log(`  - ${warning}`));
+
+    // Show unused keys
+    if (
+      result.stats.unusedKeys.length > 0 &&
+      result.stats.unusedKeys.length <= 10
+    ) {
+      console.log('\nUnused keys:');
+      result.stats.unusedKeys.forEach((key) => console.log(`  - "${key}"`));
+    } else if (result.stats.unusedKeys.length > 10) {
+      console.log(
+        `\nUnused keys (showing first 10 of ${result.stats.unusedKeys.length}):`,
+      );
+      result.stats.unusedKeys
+        .slice(0, 10)
+        .forEach((key) => console.log(`  - "${key}"`));
+    }
+
+    // Show keys that exist only in locales files
+    if (
+      result.stats.unusedKeysOnlyInLocales &&
+      result.stats.unusedKeysOnlyInLocales.length > 0
+    ) {
+      console.log(
+        '\n⚠️  The following keys exist ONLY in locale files and nowhere else in the codebase:',
+      );
+      console.log(
+        '   Please review these keys - they might be safe to remove.',
+      );
+      result.stats.unusedKeysOnlyInLocales.forEach((key) =>
+        console.log(`  - "${key}"`),
+      );
+
+      // Save these keys to a JSON file
+      const outputPath = path.join(
+        __dirname,
+        'unused-keys-only-in-locales.json',
+      );
+      saveKeysOnlyInLocalesToJson(
+        result.stats.unusedKeysOnlyInLocales,
+        outputPath,
+      );
+    }
+
+    console.log();
+  }
+
+  if (result.errors.length > 0) {
+    console.log('❌ Errors:');
+    result.errors.forEach((error) => console.log(`  - ${error}`));
+    console.log();
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (result.success) {
+    console.log('✅ All checks passed!\n');
+    process.exit(0);
+  }
+}
+
+main().catch((error) => {
+  console.error('❌ Fatal error:', error);
+  process.exit(1);
+});

scripts/copy_files.js

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const targetDir = path.join('dist', 'src');
 
 const extensionsToCopy = ['.md', '.json', '.sb'];
 
-function copyFilesRecursive(source, target) {
+function copyFilesRecursive(source, target, rootSourceDir) {
   if (!fs.existsSync(target)) {
     fs.mkdirSync(target, { recursive: true });
   }
@@ -40,9 +40,18 @@ function copyFilesRecursive(source, target) {
     const targetPath = path.join(target, item.name);
 
     if (item.isDirectory()) {
-      copyFilesRecursive(sourcePath, targetPath);
-    } else if (extensionsToCopy.includes(path.extname(item.name))) {
-      fs.copyFileSync(sourcePath, targetPath);
+      copyFilesRecursive(sourcePath, targetPath, rootSourceDir);
+    } else {
+      const ext = path.extname(item.name);
+      // Copy standard extensions, or .js files in i18n/locales directory
+      // Use path.relative for precise matching to avoid false positives
+      const relativePath = path.relative(rootSourceDir, sourcePath);
+      const normalizedPath = relativePath.replace(/\\/g, '/');
+      const isLocaleJs =
+        ext === '.js' && normalizedPath.startsWith('i18n/locales/');
+      if (extensionsToCopy.includes(ext) || isLocaleJs) {
+        fs.copyFileSync(sourcePath, targetPath);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ if (!fs.existsSync(sourceDir)) {
   process.exit(1);
 }
 
-copyFilesRecursive(sourceDir, targetDir);
+copyFilesRecursive(sourceDir, targetDir, sourceDir);
 
 // Copy example extensions into the bundle.
 const packageName = path.basename(process.cwd());

scripts/prepare-package.js

@@ -56,6 +56,43 @@ for (const file of filesToCopy) {
   }
 }
 
+// Copy locales folder
+console.log('Copying locales folder...');
+const localesSourceDir = path.join(
+  rootDir,
+  'packages',
+  'cli',
+  'src',
+  'i18n',
+  'locales',
+);
+const localesDestDir = path.join(distDir, 'locales');
+
+if (fs.existsSync(localesSourceDir)) {
+  // Recursive copy function
+  function copyRecursiveSync(src, dest) {
+    const stats = fs.statSync(src);
+    if (stats.isDirectory()) {
+      if (!fs.existsSync(dest)) {
+        fs.mkdirSync(dest, { recursive: true });
+      }
+      const entries = fs.readdirSync(src);
+      for (const entry of entries) {
+        const srcPath = path.join(src, entry);
+        const destPath = path.join(dest, entry);
+        copyRecursiveSync(srcPath, destPath);
+      }
+    } else {
+      fs.copyFileSync(src, dest);
+    }
+  }
+
+  copyRecursiveSync(localesSourceDir, localesDestDir);
+  console.log('Copied locales folder');
+} else {
+  console.warn(`Warning: locales folder not found at ${localesSourceDir}`);
+}
+
 // Copy package.json from root and modify it for publishing
 console.log('Creating package.json for distribution...');
 const rootPackageJson = JSON.parse(
@@ -85,7 +122,7 @@ const distPackageJson = {
   bin: {
     qwen: 'cli.js',
   },
-  files: ['cli.js', 'vendor', '*.sb', 'README.md', 'LICENSE'],
+  files: ['cli.js', 'vendor', '*.sb', 'README.md', 'LICENSE', 'locales'],
   config: rootPackageJson.config,
   dependencies: runtimeDependencies,
   optionalDependencies: {