Merge pull request #1322 from QwenLM/mingholy/feat/headless-slash-commands

feat: support /compress and /summary commands for non-interactive & ACP

.github/workflows/release-sdk.yml

@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ on:
         type: 'boolean'
         default: false
 
+concurrency:
+  group: '${{ github.workflow }}'
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
 jobs:
   release-sdk:
     runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ jobs:
       packages: 'write'
       id-token: 'write'
       issues: 'write'
+      pull-requests: 'write'
     outputs:
       RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_TAG }}'
 
@@ -86,6 +91,8 @@ jobs:
         with:
           node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
           cache: 'npm'
+          registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
+          scope: '@qwen-code'
 
       - name: 'Install Dependencies'
         run: |-
@@ -121,6 +128,14 @@ jobs:
           IS_PREVIEW: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_preview }}'
           MANUAL_VERSION: '${{ inputs.version }}'
 
+      - name: 'Set SDK package version (local only)'
+        env:
+          RELEASE_VERSION: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_VERSION }}'
+        run: |-
+          # Ensure the package version matches the computed release version.
+          # This is required for nightly/preview because npm does not allow re-publishing the same version.
+          npm version -w @qwen-code/sdk "${RELEASE_VERSION}" --no-git-tag-version --allow-same-version
+
       - name: 'Build CLI Bundle'
         run: |
           npm run build
@@ -153,7 +168,21 @@ jobs:
           git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
           git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
 
+      - name: 'Build SDK'
+        working-directory: 'packages/sdk-typescript'
+        run: |-
+          npm run build
+
+      - name: 'Publish @qwen-code/sdk'
+        working-directory: 'packages/sdk-typescript'
+        run: |-
+          npm publish --access public --tag=${{ steps.version.outputs.NPM_TAG }} ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'true' && '--dry-run' || '' }}
+        env:
+          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: '${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}'
+
       - name: 'Create and switch to a release branch'
+        if: |-
+          ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_preview == 'false' }}
         id: 'release_branch'
         env:
           RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_TAG }}'
@@ -162,50 +191,22 @@ jobs:
           git switch -c "${BRANCH_NAME}"
           echo "BRANCH_NAME=${BRANCH_NAME}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
 
-      - name: 'Update package version'
-        working-directory: 'packages/sdk-typescript'
-        env:
-          RELEASE_VERSION: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_VERSION }}'
-        run: |-
-          npm version "${RELEASE_VERSION}" --no-git-tag-version --allow-same-version
-
-      - name: 'Commit and Conditionally Push package version'
+      - name: 'Commit and Push package version (stable only)'
+        if: |-
+          ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_preview == 'false' }}
         env:
           BRANCH_NAME: '${{ steps.release_branch.outputs.BRANCH_NAME }}'
-          IS_DRY_RUN: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run }}'
           RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_TAG }}'
         run: |-
-          git add packages/sdk-typescript/package.json
+          # Only persist version bumps after a successful publish.
+          git add packages/sdk-typescript/package.json package-lock.json
           if git diff --staged --quiet; then
             echo "No version changes to commit"
           else
             git commit -m "chore(release): sdk-typescript ${RELEASE_TAG}"
           fi
-          if [[ "${IS_DRY_RUN}" == "false" ]]; then
-            echo "Pushing release branch to remote..."
-            git push --set-upstream origin "${BRANCH_NAME}" --follow-tags
-          else
-            echo "Dry run enabled. Skipping push."
-          fi
-
-      - name: 'Build SDK'
-        working-directory: 'packages/sdk-typescript'
-        run: |-
-          npm run build
-
-      - name: 'Configure npm for publishing'
-        uses: 'actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020' # ratchet:actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
-          registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
-          scope: '@qwen-code'
-
-      - name: 'Publish @qwen-code/sdk'
-        working-directory: 'packages/sdk-typescript'
-        run: |-
-          npm publish --access public --tag=${{ steps.version.outputs.NPM_TAG }} ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'true' && '--dry-run' || '' }}
-        env:
-          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: '${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}'
+          echo "Pushing release branch to remote..."
+          git push --set-upstream origin "${BRANCH_NAME}" --follow-tags
 
       - name: 'Create GitHub Release and Tag'
         if: |-
@@ -215,12 +216,68 @@ jobs:
           RELEASE_BRANCH: '${{ steps.release_branch.outputs.BRANCH_NAME }}'
           RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_TAG }}'
           PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG }}'
+          IS_NIGHTLY: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly }}'
+          IS_PREVIEW: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_preview }}'
+          REF: '${{ github.event.inputs.ref || github.sha }}'
         run: |-
+          # For stable releases, use the release branch; for nightly/preview, use the current ref
+          if [[ "${IS_NIGHTLY}" == "true" || "${IS_PREVIEW}" == "true" ]]; then
+            TARGET="${REF}"
+            PRERELEASE_FLAG="--prerelease"
+          else
+            TARGET="${RELEASE_BRANCH}"
+            PRERELEASE_FLAG=""
+          fi
+
           gh release create "sdk-typescript-${RELEASE_TAG}" \
-            --target "$RELEASE_BRANCH" \
+            --target "${TARGET}" \
             --title "SDK TypeScript Release ${RELEASE_TAG}" \
             --notes-start-tag "sdk-typescript-${PREVIOUS_RELEASE_TAG}" \
-            --generate-notes
+            --generate-notes \
+            ${PRERELEASE_FLAG}
+
+      - name: 'Create PR to merge release branch into main'
+        if: |-
+          ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_preview == 'false' }}
+        id: 'pr'
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}'
+          RELEASE_BRANCH: '${{ steps.release_branch.outputs.BRANCH_NAME }}'
+          RELEASE_TAG: '${{ steps.version.outputs.RELEASE_TAG }}'
+        run: |-
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          pr_url="$(gh pr list --head "${RELEASE_BRANCH}" --base main --json url --jq '.[0].url')"
+          if [[ -z "${pr_url}" ]]; then
+            pr_url="$(gh pr create \
+              --base main \
+              --head "${RELEASE_BRANCH}" \
+              --title "chore(release): sdk-typescript ${RELEASE_TAG}" \
+              --body "Automated release PR for sdk-typescript ${RELEASE_TAG}.")"
+          fi
+
+          echo "PR_URL=${pr_url}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+
+      - name: 'Wait for CI checks to complete'
+        if: |-
+          ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_preview == 'false' }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}'
+          PR_URL: '${{ steps.pr.outputs.PR_URL }}'
+        run: |-
+          set -euo pipefail
+          echo "Waiting for CI checks to complete..."
+          gh pr checks "${PR_URL}" --watch --interval 30
+
+      - name: 'Enable auto-merge for release PR'
+        if: |-
+          ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_dry_run == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_nightly == 'false' && steps.vars.outputs.is_preview == 'false' }}
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}'
+          PR_URL: '${{ steps.pr.outputs.PR_URL }}'
+        run: |-
+          set -euo pipefail
+          gh pr merge "${PR_URL}" --merge --auto
 
       - name: 'Create Issue on Failure'
         if: |-

docs/users/configuration/settings.md

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ Qwen Code uses JSON settings files for persistent configuration. There are four
 In addition to a project settings file, a project's `.qwen` directory can contain other project-specific files related to Qwen Code's operation, such as:
 
 - [Custom sandbox profiles](../features/sandbox) (e.g. `.qwen/sandbox-macos-custom.sb`, `.qwen/sandbox.Dockerfile`).
+- [Agent Skills](../features/skills) (experimental) under `.qwen/skills/` (each Skill is a directory containing a `SKILL.md`).
 
 ### Available settings in `settings.json`
 
@@ -380,6 +381,8 @@ Arguments passed directly when running the CLI can override other configurations
 | `--telemetry-otlp-protocol`  |       | Sets the OTLP protocol for telemetry (`grpc` or `http`).                                                                                                                                |                                        | Defaults to `grpc`. See [telemetry](../../developers/development/telemetry) for more information.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
 | `--telemetry-log-prompts`    |       | Enables logging of prompts for telemetry.                                                                                                                                               |                                        | See [telemetry](../../developers/development/telemetry) for more information.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
 | `--checkpointing`            |       | Enables [checkpointing](../features/checkpointing).                                                                                                                                     |                                        |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| `--experimental-acp`         |       | Enables ACP mode (Agent Control Protocol). Useful for IDE/editor integrations like [Zed](../integration-zed).                                                                           |                                        | Experimental.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
+| `--experimental-skills`      |       | Enables experimental [Agent Skills](../features/skills) (registers the `skill` tool and loads Skills from `.qwen/skills/` and `~/.qwen/skills/`).                                       |                                        | Experimental.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
 | `--extensions`               | `-e`  | Specifies a list of extensions to use for the session.                                                                                                                                  | Extension names                        | If not provided, all available extensions are used. Use the special term `qwen -e none` to disable all extensions. Example: `qwen -e my-extension -e my-other-extension`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
 | `--list-extensions`          | `-l`  | Lists all available extensions and exits.                                                                                                                                               |                                        |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `--proxy`                    |       | Sets the proxy for the CLI.                                                                                                                                                             | Proxy URL                              | Example: `--proxy http://localhost:7890`.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |

docs/users/features/_meta.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 export default {
   commands: 'Commands',
   'sub-agents': 'SubAgents',
+  skills: 'Skills (Experimental)',
   headless: 'Headless Mode',
   checkpointing: {
     display: 'hidden',

docs/users/features/headless.md

@@ -189,19 +189,20 @@ qwen -p "Write code" --output-format stream-json --include-partial-messages | jq
 
 Key command-line options for headless usage:
 
-| Option                       | Description                                         | Example                                                                  |
-| ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| `--prompt`, `-p`             | Run in headless mode                                | `qwen -p "query"`                                                        |
-| `--output-format`, `-o`      | Specify output format (text, json, stream-json)     | `qwen -p "query" --output-format json`                                   |
-| `--input-format`             | Specify input format (text, stream-json)            | `qwen --input-format text --output-format stream-json`                   |
-| `--include-partial-messages` | Include partial messages in stream-json output      | `qwen -p "query" --output-format stream-json --include-partial-messages` |
-| `--debug`, `-d`              | Enable debug mode                                   | `qwen -p "query" --debug`                                                |
-| `--all-files`, `-a`          | Include all files in context                        | `qwen -p "query" --all-files`                                            |
-| `--include-directories`      | Include additional directories                      | `qwen -p "query" --include-directories src,docs`                         |
-| `--yolo`, `-y`               | Auto-approve all actions                            | `qwen -p "query" --yolo`                                                 |
-| `--approval-mode`            | Set approval mode                                   | `qwen -p "query" --approval-mode auto_edit`                              |
-| `--continue`                 | Resume the most recent session for this project     | `qwen --continue -p "Pick up where we left off"`                         |
-| `--resume [sessionId]`       | Resume a specific session (or choose interactively) | `qwen --resume 123e... -p "Finish the refactor"`                         |
+| Option                       | Description                                             | Example                                                                  |
+| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `--prompt`, `-p`             | Run in headless mode                                    | `qwen -p "query"`                                                        |
+| `--output-format`, `-o`      | Specify output format (text, json, stream-json)         | `qwen -p "query" --output-format json`                                   |
+| `--input-format`             | Specify input format (text, stream-json)                | `qwen --input-format text --output-format stream-json`                   |
+| `--include-partial-messages` | Include partial messages in stream-json output          | `qwen -p "query" --output-format stream-json --include-partial-messages` |
+| `--debug`, `-d`              | Enable debug mode                                       | `qwen -p "query" --debug`                                                |
+| `--all-files`, `-a`          | Include all files in context                            | `qwen -p "query" --all-files`                                            |
+| `--include-directories`      | Include additional directories                          | `qwen -p "query" --include-directories src,docs`                         |
+| `--yolo`, `-y`               | Auto-approve all actions                                | `qwen -p "query" --yolo`                                                 |
+| `--approval-mode`            | Set approval mode                                       | `qwen -p "query" --approval-mode auto_edit`                              |
+| `--continue`                 | Resume the most recent session for this project         | `qwen --continue -p "Pick up where we left off"`                         |
+| `--resume [sessionId]`       | Resume a specific session (or choose interactively)     | `qwen --resume 123e... -p "Finish the refactor"`                         |
+| `--experimental-skills`      | Enable experimental Skills (registers the `skill` tool) | `qwen --experimental-skills -p "What Skills are available?"`             |
 
 For complete details on all available configuration options, settings files, and environment variables, see the [Configuration Guide](../configuration/settings).
 

docs/users/features/skills.md

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# Agent Skills (Experimental)
+
+> Create, manage, and share Skills to extend Qwen Code’s capabilities.
+
+This guide shows you how to create, use, and manage Agent Skills in **Qwen Code**. Skills are modular capabilities that extend the model’s effectiveness through organized folders containing instructions (and optionally scripts/resources).
+
+> [!note]
+>
+> Skills are currently **experimental** and must be enabled with `--experimental-skills`.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Qwen Code (recent version)
+- Run with the experimental flag enabled:
+
+```bash
+qwen --experimental-skills
+```
+
+- Basic familiarity with Qwen Code ([Quickstart](../quickstart.md))
+
+## What are Agent Skills?
+
+Agent Skills package expertise into discoverable capabilities. Each Skill consists of a `SKILL.md` file with instructions that the model can load when relevant, plus optional supporting files like scripts and templates.
+
+### How Skills are invoked
+
+Skills are **model-invoked** — the model autonomously decides when to use them based on your request and the Skill’s description. This is different from slash commands, which are **user-invoked** (you explicitly type `/command`).
+
+### Benefits
+
+- Extend Qwen Code for your workflows
+- Share expertise across your team via git
+- Reduce repetitive prompting
+- Compose multiple Skills for complex tasks
+
+## Create a Skill
+
+Skills are stored as directories containing a `SKILL.md` file.
+
+### Personal Skills
+
+Personal Skills are available across all your projects. Store them in `~/.qwen/skills/`:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.qwen/skills/my-skill-name
+```
+
+Use personal Skills for:
+
+- Your individual workflows and preferences
+- Experimental Skills you’re developing
+- Personal productivity helpers
+
+### Project Skills
+
+Project Skills are shared with your team. Store them in `.qwen/skills/` within your project:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p .qwen/skills/my-skill-name
+```
+
+Use project Skills for:
+
+- Team workflows and conventions
+- Project-specific expertise
+- Shared utilities and scripts
+
+Project Skills can be checked into git and automatically become available to teammates.
+
+## Write `SKILL.md`
+
+Create a `SKILL.md` file with YAML frontmatter and Markdown content:
+
+```yaml
+---
+name: your-skill-name
+description: Brief description of what this Skill does and when to use it
+---
+
+# Your Skill Name
+
+## Instructions
+Provide clear, step-by-step guidance for Qwen Code.
+
+## Examples
+Show concrete examples of using this Skill.
+```
+
+### Field requirements
+
+Qwen Code currently validates that:
+
+- `name` is a non-empty string
+- `description` is a non-empty string
+
+Recommended conventions (not strictly enforced yet):
+
+- Use lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens in `name`
+- Make `description` specific: include both **what** the Skill does and **when** to use it (key words users will naturally mention)
+
+## Add supporting files
+
+Create additional files alongside `SKILL.md`:
+
+```text
+my-skill/
+├── SKILL.md (required)
+├── reference.md (optional documentation)
+├── examples.md (optional examples)
+├── scripts/
+│   └── helper.py (optional utility)
+└── templates/
+    └── template.txt (optional template)
+```
+
+Reference these files from `SKILL.md`:
+
+````markdown
+For advanced usage, see [reference.md](reference.md).
+
+Run the helper script:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/helper.py input.txt
+```
+````
+
+## View available Skills
+
+When `--experimental-skills` is enabled, Qwen Code discovers Skills from:
+
+- Personal Skills: `~/.qwen/skills/`
+- Project Skills: `.qwen/skills/`
+
+To view available Skills, ask Qwen Code directly:
+
+```text
+What Skills are available?
+```
+
+Or inspect the filesystem:
+
+```bash
+# List personal Skills
+ls ~/.qwen/skills/
+
+# List project Skills (if in a project directory)
+ls .qwen/skills/
+
+# View a specific Skill’s content
+cat ~/.qwen/skills/my-skill/SKILL.md
+```
+
+## Test a Skill
+
+After creating a Skill, test it by asking questions that match your description.
+
+Example: if your description mentions “PDF files”:
+
+```text
+Can you help me extract text from this PDF?
+```
+
+The model autonomously decides to use your Skill if it matches the request — you don’t need to explicitly invoke it.
+
+## Debug a Skill
+
+If Qwen Code doesn’t use your Skill, check these common issues:
+
+### Make the description specific
+
+Too vague:
+
+```yaml
+description: Helps with documents
+```
+
+Specific:
+
+```yaml
+description: Extract text and tables from PDF files, fill forms, merge documents. Use when working with PDFs, forms, or document extraction.
+```
+
+### Verify file path
+
+- Personal Skills: `~/.qwen/skills/<skill-name>/SKILL.md`
+- Project Skills: `.qwen/skills/<skill-name>/SKILL.md`
+
+```bash
+# Personal
+ls ~/.qwen/skills/my-skill/SKILL.md
+
+# Project
+ls .qwen/skills/my-skill/SKILL.md
+```
+
+### Check YAML syntax
+
+Invalid YAML prevents the Skill metadata from loading correctly.
+
+```bash
+cat SKILL.md | head -n 15
+```
+
+Ensure:
+
+- Opening `---` on line 1
+- Closing `---` before Markdown content
+- Valid YAML syntax (no tabs, correct indentation)
+
+### View errors
+
+Run Qwen Code with debug mode to see Skill loading errors:
+
+```bash
+qwen --experimental-skills --debug
+```
+
+## Share Skills with your team
+
+You can share Skills through project repositories:
+
+1. Add the Skill under `.qwen/skills/`
+2. Commit and push
+3. Teammates pull the changes and run with `--experimental-skills`
+
+```bash
+git add .qwen/skills/
+git commit -m "Add team Skill for PDF processing"
+git push
+```
+
+## Update a Skill
+
+Edit `SKILL.md` directly:
+
+```bash
+# Personal Skill
+code ~/.qwen/skills/my-skill/SKILL.md
+
+# Project Skill
+code .qwen/skills/my-skill/SKILL.md
+```
+
+Changes take effect the next time you start Qwen Code. If Qwen Code is already running, restart it to load the updates.
+
+## Remove a Skill
+
+Delete the Skill directory:
+
+```bash
+# Personal
+rm -rf ~/.qwen/skills/my-skill
+
+# Project
+rm -rf .qwen/skills/my-skill
+git commit -m "Remove unused Skill"
+```
+
+## Best practices
+
+### Keep Skills focused
+
+One Skill should address one capability:
+
+- Focused: “PDF form filling”, “Excel analysis”, “Git commit messages”
+- Too broad: “Document processing” (split into smaller Skills)
+
+### Write clear descriptions
+
+Help the model discover when to use Skills by including specific triggers:
+
+```yaml
+description: Analyze Excel spreadsheets, create pivot tables, and generate charts. Use when working with Excel files, spreadsheets, or .xlsx data.
+```
+
+### Test with your team
+
+- Does the Skill activate when expected?
+- Are the instructions clear?
+- Are there missing examples or edge cases?

docs/users/overview.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # Qwen Code overview
+[![@qwen-code/qwen-code downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dw/@qwen-code/qwen-code.svg)](https://npm-compare.com/@qwen-code/qwen-code) 
+[![@qwen-code/qwen-code version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@qwen-code/qwen-code.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@qwen-code/qwen-code)
 
 > Learn about Qwen Code, Qwen's agentic coding tool that lives in your terminal and helps you turn ideas into code faster than ever before.
 
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ You'll be prompted to log in on first use. That's it! [Continue with Quickstart
 
 > [!note]
 >
-> **New VS Code Extension (Beta)**: Prefer a graphical interface? Our new **VS Code extension** provides an easy-to-use native IDE experience without requiring terminal familiarity. Simply install from the marketplace and start coding with Qwen Code directly in your sidebar. You can search for **Qwen Code** in the VS Code Marketplace and download it.
+> **New VS Code Extension (Beta)**: Prefer a graphical interface? Our new **VS Code extension** provides an easy-to-use native IDE experience without requiring terminal familiarity. Simply install from the marketplace and start coding with Qwen Code directly in your sidebar. Download and install the [Qwen Code Companion](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=qwenlm.qwen-code-vscode-ide-companion) now.
 
 ## What Qwen Code does for you
 

integration-tests/file-system.test.ts

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
  */
 
 import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { TestRig, printDebugInfo, validateModelOutput } from './test-helper.js';
 
 describe('file-system', () => {
@@ -202,8 +200,8 @@ describe('file-system', () => {
     const readAttempt = toolLogs.find(
       (log) => log.toolRequest.name === 'read_file',
     );
-    const writeAttempt = toolLogs.find(
-      (log) => log.toolRequest.name === 'write_file',
+    const editAttempt = toolLogs.find(
+      (log) => log.toolRequest.name === 'edit_file',
     );
     const successfulReplace = toolLogs.find(
       (log) => log.toolRequest.name === 'replace' && log.toolRequest.success,
@@ -226,15 +224,15 @@ describe('file-system', () => {
 
     // CRITICAL: Verify that no matter what the model did, it never successfully
     // wrote or replaced anything.
-    if (writeAttempt) {
+    if (editAttempt) {
       console.error(
-        'A write_file attempt was made when no file should be written.',
+        'A edit_file attempt was made when no file should be written.',
       );
       printDebugInfo(rig, result);
     }
     expect(
-      writeAttempt,
-      'write_file should not have been called',
+      editAttempt,
+      'edit_file should not have been called',
     ).toBeUndefined();
 
     if (successfulReplace) {
@@ -245,12 +243,5 @@ describe('file-system', () => {
       successfulReplace,
       'A successful replace should not have occurred',
     ).toBeUndefined();
-
-    // Final verification: ensure the file was not created.
-    const filePath = path.join(rig.testDir!, fileName);
-    const fileExists = existsSync(filePath);
-    expect(fileExists, 'The non-existent file should not be created').toBe(
-      false,
-    );
   });
 });

integration-tests/sdk-typescript/permission-control.test.ts

@@ -952,7 +952,8 @@ describe('Permission Control (E2E)', () => {
         TEST_TIMEOUT,
       );
 
-      it(
+      // FIXME: This test is flaky and sometimes fails with no tool calls.
+      it.skip(
         'should allow read-only tools without restrictions',
         async () => {
           // Create test files for the model to read

integration-tests/sdk-typescript/system-control.test.ts

@@ -314,4 +314,88 @@ describe('System Control (E2E)', () => {
       );
     });
   });
+
+  describe('supportedCommands API', () => {
+    it('should return list of supported slash commands', async () => {
+      const sessionId = crypto.randomUUID();
+      const generator = (async function* () {
+        yield {
+          type: 'user',
+          session_id: sessionId,
+          message: { role: 'user', content: 'Hello' },
+          parent_tool_use_id: null,
+        } as SDKUserMessage;
+      })();
+
+      const q = query({
+        prompt: generator,
+        options: {
+          ...SHARED_TEST_OPTIONS,
+          cwd: testDir,
+          model: 'qwen3-max',
+          debug: false,
+        },
+      });
+
+      try {
+        const result = await q.supportedCommands();
+        // Start consuming messages to trigger initialization
+        const messageConsumer = (async () => {
+          try {
+            for await (const _message of q) {
+              // Just consume messages
+            }
+          } catch (error) {
+            // Ignore errors from query being closed
+            if (error instanceof Error && error.message !== 'Query is closed') {
+              throw error;
+            }
+          }
+        })();
+
+        // Verify result structure
+        expect(result).toBeDefined();
+        expect(result).toHaveProperty('commands');
+        expect(Array.isArray(result?.['commands'])).toBe(true);
+
+        const commands = result?.['commands'] as string[];
+
+        // Verify default allowed built-in commands are present
+        expect(commands).toContain('init');
+        expect(commands).toContain('summary');
+        expect(commands).toContain('compress');
+
+        // Verify commands are sorted
+        const sortedCommands = [...commands].sort();
+        expect(commands).toEqual(sortedCommands);
+
+        // Verify all commands are strings
+        commands.forEach((cmd) => {
+          expect(typeof cmd).toBe('string');
+          expect(cmd.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+        });
+
+        await q.close();
+        await messageConsumer;
+      } catch (error) {
+        await q.close();
+        throw error;
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('should throw error when supportedCommands is called on closed query', async () => {
+      const q = query({
+        prompt: 'Hello',
+        options: {
+          ...SHARED_TEST_OPTIONS,
+          cwd: testDir,
+          model: 'qwen3-max',
+        },
+      });
+
+      await q.close();
+
+      await expect(q.supportedCommands()).rejects.toThrow('Query is closed');
+    });
+  });
 });

package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.6.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.6.0",
       "workspaces": [
         "packages/*"
       ],
@@ -134,6 +134,36 @@
         "node": ">=6.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@anthropic-ai/sdk": {
+      "version": "0.36.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@anthropic-ai/sdk/-/sdk-0.36.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+c0mMLxL/17yFZ4P5+U6bTWiCSFZUKJddrv01ud2aFBWnTPLdRncYV76D3q1tqfnL7aCnhRtykFnoCFzvr4U3Q==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "^18.11.18",
+        "@types/node-fetch": "^2.6.4",
+        "abort-controller": "^3.0.0",
+        "agentkeepalive": "^4.2.1",
+        "form-data-encoder": "1.7.2",
+        "formdata-node": "^4.3.2",
+        "node-fetch": "^2.6.7"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@anthropic-ai/sdk/node_modules/@types/node": {
+      "version": "18.19.130",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-18.19.130.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-GRaXQx6jGfL8sKfaIDD6OupbIHBr9jv7Jnaml9tB7l4v068PAOXqfcujMMo5PhbIs6ggR1XODELqahT2R8v0fg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "undici-types": "~5.26.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@anthropic-ai/sdk/node_modules/undici-types": {
+      "version": "5.26.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-5.26.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JlCMO+ehdEIKqlFxk6IfVoAUVmgz7cU7zD/h9XZ0qzeosSHmUJVOzSQvvYSYWXkFXC+IfLKSIffhv0sVZup6pA==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/css-color": {
       "version": "3.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/css-color/-/css-color-3.2.0.tgz",
@@ -3822,6 +3852,16 @@
         "undici-types": "~6.21.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/node-fetch": {
+      "version": "2.6.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node-fetch/-/node-fetch-2.6.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QGpRVpzSaUs30JBSGPjOg4Uveu384erbHBoT1zeONvyCfwQxIkUshLAOqN/k9EjGviPRmWTTe6aH2qySWKTVSw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*",
+        "form-data": "^4.0.4"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/normalize-package-data": {
       "version": "2.4.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/normalize-package-data/-/normalize-package-data-2.4.4.tgz",
@@ -4820,7 +4860,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/abort-controller/-/abort-controller-3.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-h8lQ8tacZYnR3vNQTgibj+tODHI5/+l06Au2Pcriv/Gmet0eaj4TwWH41sO9wnHDiQsEj19q0drzdWdeAHtweg==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "event-target-shim": "^5.0.0"
@@ -4907,6 +4946,18 @@
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/agentkeepalive": {
+      "version": "4.6.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/agentkeepalive/-/agentkeepalive-4.6.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kja8j7PjmncONqaTsB8fQ+wE2mSU2DJ9D4XKoJ5PFWIdRMa6SLSN1ff4mOr4jCbfRSsxR4keIiySJU0N9T5hIQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "humanize-ms": "^1.2.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 8.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/ajv": {
       "version": "6.12.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ajv/-/ajv-6.12.6.tgz",
@@ -5478,7 +5529,6 @@
       "version": "0.4.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/asynckit/-/asynckit-0.4.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-Oei9OH4tRh0YqU3GxhX79dM/mwVgvbZJaSNaRk+bshkj0S5cfHcgYakreBjrHwatXKbz+IoIdYLxrKim2MjW0Q==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/atomically": {
@@ -6437,7 +6487,6 @@
       "version": "1.0.8",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/combined-stream/-/combined-stream-1.0.8.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-FQN4MRfuJeHf7cBbBMJFXhKSDq+2kAArBlmRBvcvFE5BB1HZKXtSFASDhdlz9zOYwxh8lDdnvmMOe/+5cdoEdg==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "delayed-stream": "~1.0.0"
@@ -7063,7 +7112,6 @@
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/delayed-stream/-/delayed-stream-1.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-ZySD7Nf91aLB0RxL4KGrKHBXl7Eds1DAmEdcoVawXnLD7SDhpNgtuII2aAkg7a7QS41jxPSZ17p4VdGnMHk3MQ==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
@@ -7576,7 +7624,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/es-set-tostringtag/-/es-set-tostringtag-2.1.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-j6vWzfrGVfyXxge+O0x5sh6cvxAog0a/4Rdd2K36zCMV5eJ+/+tOAngRO8cODMNWbVRdVlmGZQL2YS3yR8bIUA==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
@@ -8106,7 +8153,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/event-target-shim/-/event-target-shim-5.0.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-i/2XbnSz/uxRCU6+NdVJgKWDTM427+MqYbkQzD321DuCQJUqOuJKIA0IM2+W2xtYHdKOmZ4dR6fExsd4SXL+WQ==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
@@ -8652,7 +8698,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/form-data/-/form-data-4.0.4.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-KrGhL9Q4zjj0kiUt5OO4Mr/A/jlI2jDYs5eHBpYHPcBEVSiipAvn2Ko2HnPe20rmcuuvMHNdZFp+4IlGTMF0Ow==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
@@ -8665,11 +8710,16 @@
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/form-data-encoder": {
+      "version": "1.7.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/form-data-encoder/-/form-data-encoder-1.7.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qfqtYan3rxrnCk1VYaA4H+Ms9xdpPqvLZa6xmMgFvhO32x7/3J/ExcTd6qpxM0vH2GdMI+poehyBZvqfMTto8A==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/form-data/node_modules/mime-types": {
       "version": "2.1.35",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.35.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-ZDY+bPm5zTTF+YpCrAU9nK0UgICYPT0QtT1NZWFv4s++TNkcgVaT0g6+4R2uI4MjQjzysHB1zxuWL50hzaeXiw==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "mime-db": "1.52.0"
@@ -8678,6 +8728,28 @@
         "node": ">= 0.6"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/formdata-node": {
+      "version": "4.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/formdata-node/-/formdata-node-4.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0iirZp3uVDjVGt9p49aTaqjk84TrglENEDuqfdlZQ1roC9CWlPk6Avf8EEnZNcAqPonwkG35x4n3ww/1THYAeQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "node-domexception": "1.0.0",
+        "web-streams-polyfill": "4.0.0-beta.3"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 12.20"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/formdata-node/node_modules/web-streams-polyfill": {
+      "version": "4.0.0-beta.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web-streams-polyfill/-/web-streams-polyfill-4.0.0-beta.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QW95TCTaHmsYfHDybGMwO5IJIM93I/6vTRk+daHTWFPhwh+C8Cg7j7XyKrwrj8Ib6vYXe0ocYNrmzY4xAAN6ug==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 14"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/formdata-polyfill": {
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/formdata-polyfill/-/formdata-polyfill-4.0.10.tgz",
@@ -9262,7 +9334,6 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-tostringtag/-/has-tostringtag-1.0.2.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-NqADB8VjPFLM2V0VvHUewwwsw0ZWBaIdgo+ieHtK3hasLz4qeCRjYcqfB6AQrBggRKppKF8L52/VqdVsO47Dlw==",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "has-symbols": "^1.0.3"
@@ -9441,6 +9512,15 @@
         "node": ">=16.17.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/humanize-ms": {
+      "version": "1.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/humanize-ms/-/humanize-ms-1.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Fl70vYtsAFb/C06PTS9dZBo7ihau+Tu/DNCk/OyHhea07S+aeMWpFFkUaXRa8fI+ScZbEI8dfSxwY7gxZ9SAVQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ms": "^2.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/husky": {
       "version": "9.1.7",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/husky/-/husky-9.1.7.tgz",
@@ -11940,6 +12020,48 @@
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/node-fetch": {
+      "version": "2.7.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/node-fetch/-/node-fetch-2.7.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-c4FRfUm/dbcWZ7U+1Wq0AwCyFL+3nt2bEw05wfxSz+DWpWsitgmSgYmy2dQdWyKC1694ELPqMs/YzUSNozLt8A==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "4.x || >=6.0.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "encoding": "^0.1.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "encoding": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/node-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
+      "version": "0.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tr46/-/tr46-0.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-N3WMsuqV66lT30CrXNbEjx4GEwlow3v6rr4mCcv6prnfwhS01rkgyFdjPNBYd9br7LpXV1+Emh01fHnq2Gdgrw==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/node-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
+      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-3.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2JAn3z8AR6rjK8Sm8orRC0h/bcl/DqL7tRPdGZ4I1CjdF+EaMLmYxBHyXuKL849eucPFhvBoxMsflfOb8kxaeQ==",
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/node-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-saE57nupxk6v3HY35+jzBwYa0rKSy0XR8JSxZPwgLr7ys0IBzhGviA1/TUGJLmSVqs8pb9AnvICXEuOHLprYTw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tr46": "~0.0.3",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/node-pty": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/node-pty/-/node-pty-1.0.0.tgz",
@@ -17194,7 +17316,7 @@
     },
     "packages/cli": {
       "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.6.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
         "@iarna/toml": "^2.2.5",
@@ -17831,9 +17953,10 @@
     },
     "packages/core": {
       "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code-core",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.6.0",
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "dependencies": {
+        "@anthropic-ai/sdk": "^0.36.1",
         "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
         "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.25.1",
         "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
@@ -18470,7 +18593,7 @@
     },
     "packages/sdk-typescript": {
       "name": "@qwen-code/sdk",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.1.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.25.1",
@@ -21290,7 +21413,7 @@
     },
     "packages/test-utils": {
       "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code-test-utils",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "devDependencies": {
@@ -21302,7 +21425,7 @@
     },
     "packages/vscode-ide-companion": {
       "name": "qwen-code-vscode-ide-companion",
-      "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+      "version": "0.6.0",
       "license": "LICENSE",
       "dependencies": {
         "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.25.1",

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.6.0",
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=20.0.0"
   },
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     "url": "git+https://github.com/QwenLM/qwen-code.git"
   },
   "config": {
-    "sandboxImageUri": "ghcr.io/qwenlm/qwen-code:0.6.0-preview.0"
+    "sandboxImageUri": "ghcr.io/qwenlm/qwen-code:0.6.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "cross-env node scripts/start.js",

packages/cli/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.6.0",
   "description": "Qwen Code",
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     "dist"
   ],
   "config": {
-    "sandboxImageUri": "ghcr.io/qwenlm/qwen-code:0.6.0-preview.0"
+    "sandboxImageUri": "ghcr.io/qwenlm/qwen-code:0.6.0"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@google/genai": "1.30.0",

packages/cli/src/acp-integration/acp.ts

@@ -98,6 +98,14 @@ export class AgentSideConnection implements Client {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Sends a custom notification to the client.
+   * Used for extension-specific notifications that are not part of the core ACP protocol.
+   */
+  async sendCustomNotification<T>(method: string, params: T): Promise<void> {
+    return await this.#connection.sendNotification(method, params);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Request permission before running a tool
    *
@@ -374,6 +382,7 @@ export interface Client {
   ): Promise<schema.RequestPermissionResponse>;
   sessionUpdate(params: schema.SessionNotification): Promise<void>;
   authenticateUpdate(params: schema.AuthenticateUpdate): Promise<void>;
+  sendCustomNotification<T>(method: string, params: T): Promise<void>;
   writeTextFile(
     params: schema.WriteTextFileRequest,
   ): Promise<schema.WriteTextFileResponse>;

packages/cli/src/acp-integration/acpAgent.ts

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ import {
   qwenOAuth2Events,
   MCPServerConfig,
   SessionService,
-  buildApiHistoryFromConversation,
   type Config,
   type ConversationRecord,
   type DeviceAuthorizationData,
+  tokenLimit,
 } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
 import type { ApprovalModeValue } from './schema.js';
 import * as acp from './acp.js';
@@ -165,9 +165,30 @@ class GeminiAgent {
     this.setupFileSystem(config);
 
     const session = await this.createAndStoreSession(config);
+    const configuredModel = (
+      config.getModel() ||
+      this.config.getModel() ||
+      ''
+    ).trim();
+    const modelId = configuredModel || 'default';
+    const modelName = configuredModel || modelId;
 
     return {
       sessionId: session.getId(),
+      models: {
+        currentModelId: modelId,
+        availableModels: [
+          {
+            modelId,
+            name: modelName,
+            description: null,
+            _meta: {
+              contextLimit: tokenLimit(modelId),
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        _meta: null,
+      },
     };
   }
 
@@ -327,12 +348,20 @@ class GeminiAgent {
     const sessionId = config.getSessionId();
     const geminiClient = config.getGeminiClient();
 
-    const history = conversation
-      ? buildApiHistoryFromConversation(conversation)
-      : undefined;
-    const chat = history
-      ? await geminiClient.startChat(history)
-      : await geminiClient.startChat();
+    // Use GeminiClient to manage chat lifecycle properly
+    // This ensures geminiClient.chat is in sync with the session's chat
+    //
+    // Note: When loading a session, config.initialize() has already been called
+    // in newSessionConfig(), which in turn calls geminiClient.initialize().
+    // The GeminiClient.initialize() method checks config.getResumedSessionData()
+    // and automatically loads the conversation history into the chat instance.
+    // So we only need to initialize if it hasn't been done yet.
+    if (!geminiClient.isInitialized()) {
+      await geminiClient.initialize();
+    }
+
+    // Now get the chat instance that's managed by GeminiClient
+    const chat = geminiClient.getChat();
 
     const session = new Session(
       sessionId,

packages/cli/src/acp-integration/schema.ts

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ export type ModeInfo = z.infer<typeof modeInfoSchema>;
 export type ModesData = z.infer<typeof modesDataSchema>;
 
 export type AgentInfo = z.infer<typeof agentInfoSchema>;
+export type ModelInfo = z.infer<typeof modelInfoSchema>;
 
 export type PromptCapabilities = z.infer<typeof promptCapabilitiesSchema>;
 
@@ -254,8 +255,26 @@ export const authenticateUpdateSchema = z.object({
 
 export type AuthenticateUpdate = z.infer<typeof authenticateUpdateSchema>;
 
+export const acpMetaSchema = z.record(z.unknown()).nullable().optional();
+
+export const modelIdSchema = z.string();
+
+export const modelInfoSchema = z.object({
+  _meta: acpMetaSchema,
+  description: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  modelId: modelIdSchema,
+  name: z.string(),
+});
+
+export const sessionModelStateSchema = z.object({
+  _meta: acpMetaSchema,
+  availableModels: z.array(modelInfoSchema),
+  currentModelId: modelIdSchema,
+});
+
 export const newSessionResponseSchema = z.object({
   sessionId: z.string(),
+  models: sessionModelStateSchema,
 });
 
 export const loadSessionResponseSchema = z.null();
@@ -514,6 +533,13 @@ export const currentModeUpdateSchema = z.object({
 
 export type CurrentModeUpdate = z.infer<typeof currentModeUpdateSchema>;
 
+export const currentModelUpdateSchema = z.object({
+  sessionUpdate: z.literal('current_model_update'),
+  model: modelInfoSchema,
+});
+
+export type CurrentModelUpdate = z.infer<typeof currentModelUpdateSchema>;
+
 export const sessionUpdateSchema = z.union([
   z.object({
     content: contentBlockSchema,
@@ -555,6 +581,7 @@ export const sessionUpdateSchema = z.union([
     sessionUpdate: z.literal('plan'),
   }),
   currentModeUpdateSchema,
+  currentModelUpdateSchema,
   availableCommandsUpdateSchema,
 ]);
 

packages/cli/src/acp-integration/session/Session.ts

@@ -41,9 +41,11 @@ import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 import { getErrorMessage } from '../../utils/errors.js';
+import { normalizePartList } from '../../utils/nonInteractiveHelpers.js';
 import {
   handleSlashCommand,
   getAvailableCommands,
+  type NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult,
 } from '../../nonInteractiveCliCommands.js';
 import type {
   AvailableCommand,
@@ -63,12 +65,6 @@ import { PlanEmitter } from './emitters/PlanEmitter.js';
 import { MessageEmitter } from './emitters/MessageEmitter.js';
 import { SubAgentTracker } from './SubAgentTracker.js';
 
-/**
- * Built-in commands that are allowed in ACP integration mode.
- * Only safe, read-only commands that don't require interactive UI.
- */
-export const ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_FOR_ACP = ['init'];
-
 /**
  * Session represents an active conversation session with the AI model.
  * It uses modular components for consistent event emission:
@@ -167,24 +163,26 @@ export class Session implements SessionContext {
     const firstTextBlock = params.prompt.find((block) => block.type === 'text');
     const inputText = firstTextBlock?.text || '';
 
-    let parts: Part[];
+    let parts: Part[] | null;
 
     if (isSlashCommand(inputText)) {
-      // Handle slash command - allow specific built-in commands for ACP integration
+      // Handle slash command - uses default allowed commands (init, summary, compress)
       const slashCommandResult = await handleSlashCommand(
         inputText,
         pendingSend,
         this.config,
         this.settings,
-        ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_FOR_ACP,
       );
 
-      if (slashCommandResult) {
-        // Use the result from the slash command
-        parts = slashCommandResult as Part[];
-      } else {
-        // Slash command didn't return a prompt, continue with normal processing
-        parts = await this.#resolvePrompt(params.prompt, pendingSend.signal);
+      parts = await this.#processSlashCommandResult(
+        slashCommandResult,
+        params.prompt,
+      );
+
+      // If parts is null, the command was fully handled (e.g., /summary completed)
+      // Return early without sending to the model
+      if (parts === null) {
+        return { stopReason: 'end_turn' };
       }
     } else {
       // Normal processing for non-slash commands
@@ -295,11 +293,10 @@ export class Session implements SessionContext {
   async sendAvailableCommandsUpdate(): Promise<void> {
     const abortController = new AbortController();
     try {
+      // Use default allowed commands from getAvailableCommands
       const slashCommands = await getAvailableCommands(
         this.config,
-        this.settings,
         abortController.signal,
-        ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_FOR_ACP,
       );
 
       // Convert SlashCommand[] to AvailableCommand[] format for ACP protocol
@@ -647,6 +644,103 @@ export class Session implements SessionContext {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Processes the result of a slash command execution.
+   *
+   * Supported result types in ACP mode:
+   * - submit_prompt: Submits content to the model
+   * - stream_messages: Streams multiple messages to the client (ACP-specific)
+   * - unsupported: Command cannot be executed in ACP mode
+   * - no_command: No command was found, use original prompt
+   *
+   * Note: 'message' type is not supported in ACP mode - commands should use
+   * 'stream_messages' instead for consistent async handling.
+   *
+   * @param result The result from handleSlashCommand
+   * @param originalPrompt The original prompt blocks
+   * @returns Parts to use for the prompt, or null if command was handled without needing model interaction
+   */
+  async #processSlashCommandResult(
+    result: NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult,
+    originalPrompt: acp.ContentBlock[],
+  ): Promise<Part[] | null> {
+    switch (result.type) {
+      case 'submit_prompt':
+        // Command wants to submit a prompt to the model
+        // Convert PartListUnion to Part[]
+        return normalizePartList(result.content);
+
+      case 'message': {
+        // 'message' type is not ideal for ACP mode, but we handle it for compatibility
+        // by converting it to a stream_messages-like notification
+        await this.client.sendCustomNotification('_qwencode/slash_command', {
+          sessionId: this.sessionId,
+          command: originalPrompt
+            .filter((block) => block.type === 'text')
+            .map((block) => (block.type === 'text' ? block.text : ''))
+            .join(' '),
+          messageType: result.messageType,
+          message: result.content || '',
+        });
+
+        if (result.messageType === 'error') {
+          // Throw error to stop execution
+          throw new Error(result.content || 'Slash command failed.');
+        }
+        // For info messages, return null to indicate command was handled
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      case 'stream_messages': {
+        // Command returns multiple messages via async generator (ACP-preferred)
+        const command = originalPrompt
+          .filter((block) => block.type === 'text')
+          .map((block) => (block.type === 'text' ? block.text : ''))
+          .join(' ');
+
+        // Stream all messages to the client
+        for await (const msg of result.messages) {
+          await this.client.sendCustomNotification('_qwencode/slash_command', {
+            sessionId: this.sessionId,
+            command,
+            messageType: msg.messageType,
+            message: msg.content,
+          });
+
+          // If we encounter an error message, throw after sending
+          if (msg.messageType === 'error') {
+            throw new Error(msg.content || 'Slash command failed.');
+          }
+        }
+
+        // All messages sent successfully, return null to indicate command was handled
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      case 'unsupported': {
+        // Command returned an unsupported result type
+        const unsupportedError = `Slash command not supported in ACP integration: ${result.reason}`;
+        throw new Error(unsupportedError);
+      }
+
+      case 'no_command':
+        // No command was found or executed, use original prompt
+        return originalPrompt.map((block) => {
+          if (block.type === 'text') {
+            return { text: block.text };
+          }
+          throw new Error(`Unsupported block type: ${block.type}`);
+        });
+
+      default: {
+        // Exhaustiveness check
+        const _exhaustive: never = result;
+        const unknownError = `Unknown slash command result type: ${(_exhaustive as NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult).type}`;
+        throw new Error(unknownError);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   async #resolvePrompt(
     message: acp.ContentBlock[],
     abortSignal: AbortSignal,

packages/cli/src/config/auth.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ export function validateAuthMethod(authMethod: string): string | null {
     return null;
   }
 
+  if (authMethod === AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC) {
+    const hasApiKey = process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'];
+    if (!hasApiKey) {
+      return 'ANTHROPIC_API_KEY environment variable not found.';
+    }
+
+    const hasBaseUrl = process.env['ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL'];
+    if (!hasBaseUrl) {
+      return 'ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL environment variable not found.';
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
   if (authMethod === AuthType.USE_GEMINI) {
     const hasApiKey = process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY'];
     if (!hasApiKey) {

packages/cli/src/config/config.test.ts

@@ -2114,7 +2114,14 @@ describe('loadCliConfig model selection', () => {
   });
 
   it('always prefers model from argvs', async () => {
-    process.argv = ['node', 'script.js', '--model', 'qwen3-coder-plus'];
+    process.argv = [
+      'node',
+      'script.js',
+      '--auth-type',
+      'openai',
+      '--model',
+      'qwen3-coder-plus',
+    ];
     const argv = await parseArguments({} as Settings);
     const config = await loadCliConfig(
       {
@@ -2134,7 +2141,14 @@ describe('loadCliConfig model selection', () => {
   });
 
   it('selects the model from argvs if provided', async () => {
-    process.argv = ['node', 'script.js', '--model', 'qwen3-coder-plus'];
+    process.argv = [
+      'node',
+      'script.js',
+      '--auth-type',
+      'openai',
+      '--model',
+      'qwen3-coder-plus',
+    ];
     const argv = await parseArguments({} as Settings);
     const config = await loadCliConfig(
       {

packages/cli/src/config/config.ts

@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ export interface CliArgs {
   allowedMcpServerNames: string[] | undefined;
   allowedTools: string[] | undefined;
   experimentalAcp: boolean | undefined;
+  experimentalSkills: boolean | undefined;
   extensions: string[] | undefined;
   listExtensions: boolean | undefined;
   openaiLogging: boolean | undefined;
@@ -307,6 +308,11 @@ export async function parseArguments(settings: Settings): Promise<CliArgs> {
           type: 'boolean',
           description: 'Starts the agent in ACP mode',
         })
+        .option('experimental-skills', {
+          type: 'boolean',
+          description: 'Enable experimental Skills feature',
+          default: false,
+        })
         .option('channel', {
           type: 'string',
           choices: ['VSCode', 'ACP', 'SDK', 'CI'],
@@ -462,6 +468,7 @@ export async function parseArguments(settings: Settings): Promise<CliArgs> {
           type: 'string',
           choices: [
             AuthType.USE_OPENAI,
+            AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC,
             AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH,
             AuthType.USE_GEMINI,
             AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
@@ -870,11 +877,30 @@ export async function loadCliConfig(
     );
   }
 
+  const selectedAuthType =
+    (argv.authType as AuthType | undefined) ||
+    settings.security?.auth?.selectedType;
+
+  const apiKey =
+    (selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI
+      ? argv.openaiApiKey ||
+        process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'] ||
+        settings.security?.auth?.apiKey
+      : '') || '';
+  const baseUrl =
+    (selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI
+      ? argv.openaiBaseUrl ||
+        process.env['OPENAI_BASE_URL'] ||
+        settings.security?.auth?.baseUrl
+      : '') || '';
   const resolvedModel =
     argv.model ||
-    process.env['OPENAI_MODEL'] ||
-    process.env['QWEN_MODEL'] ||
-    settings.model?.name;
+    (selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI
+      ? process.env['OPENAI_MODEL'] ||
+        process.env['QWEN_MODEL'] ||
+        settings.model?.name
+      : '') ||
+    '';
 
   const sandboxConfig = await loadSandboxConfig(settings, argv);
   const screenReader =
@@ -956,27 +982,20 @@ export async function loadCliConfig(
     maxSessionTurns:
       argv.maxSessionTurns ?? settings.model?.maxSessionTurns ?? -1,
     experimentalZedIntegration: argv.experimentalAcp || false,
+    experimentalSkills: argv.experimentalSkills || false,
     listExtensions: argv.listExtensions || false,
     extensions: allExtensions,
     blockedMcpServers,
     noBrowser: !!process.env['NO_BROWSER'],
-    authType:
-      (argv.authType as AuthType | undefined) ||
-      settings.security?.auth?.selectedType,
+    authType: selectedAuthType,
     inputFormat,
     outputFormat,
     includePartialMessages,
     generationConfig: {
       ...(settings.model?.generationConfig || {}),
       model: resolvedModel,
-      apiKey:
-        argv.openaiApiKey ||
-        process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'] ||
-        settings.security?.auth?.apiKey,
-      baseUrl:
-        argv.openaiBaseUrl ||
-        process.env['OPENAI_BASE_URL'] ||
-        settings.security?.auth?.baseUrl,
+      apiKey,
+      baseUrl,
       enableOpenAILogging:
         (typeof argv.openaiLogging === 'undefined'
           ? settings.model?.enableOpenAILogging

packages/cli/src/gemini.test.tsx

@@ -461,6 +461,7 @@ describe('gemini.tsx main function kitty protocol', () => {
       allowedMcpServerNames: undefined,
       allowedTools: undefined,
       experimentalAcp: undefined,
+      experimentalSkills: undefined,
       extensions: undefined,
       listExtensions: undefined,
       openaiLogging: undefined,

packages/cli/src/i18n/locales/en.js

@@ -258,6 +258,8 @@ export default {
   ', Tab to change focus': ', Tab to change focus',
   'To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and apply changes now.':
     'To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and apply changes now.',
+  'The command "/{{command}}" is not supported in non-interactive mode.':
+    'The command "/{{command}}" is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
   // ============================================================================
   // Settings Labels
   // ============================================================================
@@ -590,6 +592,12 @@ export default {
   'No conversation found to summarize.': 'No conversation found to summarize.',
   'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}':
     'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}',
+  'Saved project summary to {{filePathForDisplay}}.':
+    'Saved project summary to {{filePathForDisplay}}.',
+  'Saving project summary...': 'Saving project summary...',
+  'Generating project summary...': 'Generating project summary...',
+  'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response':
+    'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response',
 
   // ============================================================================
   // Commands - Model

packages/cli/src/i18n/locales/ru.js

@@ -260,7 +260,8 @@ export default {
   ', Tab to change focus': ', Tab для смены фокуса',
   'To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and apply changes now.':
     'Для применения изменений необходимо перезапустить Qwen Code. Нажмите r для выхода и применения изменений.',
-
+  'The command "/{{command}}" is not supported in non-interactive mode.':
+    'Команда "/{{command}}" не поддерживается в неинтерактивном режиме.',
   // ============================================================================
   // Метки настроек
   // ============================================================================
@@ -604,6 +605,12 @@ export default {
     'Не найдено диалогов для создания сводки.',
   'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}':
     'Не удалось сгенерировать сводку контекста проекта: {{error}}',
+  'Saved project summary to {{filePathForDisplay}}.':
+    'Сводка проекта сохранена в {{filePathForDisplay}}',
+  'Saving project summary...': 'Сохранение сводки проекта...',
+  'Generating project summary...': 'Генерация сводки проекта...',
+  'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response':
+    'Не удалось сгенерировать сводку - не получен текстовый контент из ответа LLM',
 
   // ============================================================================
   // Команды - Модель

packages/cli/src/i18n/locales/zh.js

@@ -249,6 +249,8 @@ export default {
   ', Tab to change focus': '，Tab 切换焦点',
   'To see changes, Qwen Code must be restarted. Press r to exit and apply changes now.':
     '要查看更改，必须重启 Qwen Code。按 r 退出并立即应用更改。',
+  'The command "/{{command}}" is not supported in non-interactive mode.':
+    '不支持在非交互模式下使用命令 "/{{command}}"。',
   // ============================================================================
   // Settings Labels
   // ============================================================================
@@ -560,6 +562,12 @@ export default {
   'No conversation found to summarize.': '未找到要总结的对话',
   'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}':
     '生成项目上下文摘要失败：{{error}}',
+  'Saved project summary to {{filePathForDisplay}}.':
+    '项目摘要已保存到 {{filePathForDisplay}}',
+  'Saving project summary...': '正在保存项目摘要...',
+  'Generating project summary...': '正在生成项目摘要...',
+  'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response':
+    '生成摘要失败 - 未从 LLM 响应中接收到文本内容',
 
   // ============================================================================
   // Commands - Model

packages/cli/src/nonInteractive/control/controllers/systemController.ts

@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ import type {
   CLIControlSetModelRequest,
   CLIMcpServerConfig,
 } from '../../types.js';
-import { CommandService } from '../../../services/CommandService.js';
-import { BuiltinCommandLoader } from '../../../services/BuiltinCommandLoader.js';
+import { getAvailableCommands } from '../../../nonInteractiveCliCommands.js';
 import {
   MCPServerConfig,
   AuthProviderType,
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ export class SystemController extends BaseController {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Load slash command names using CommandService
+   * Load slash command names using getAvailableCommands
    *
    * @param signal - AbortSignal to respect for cancellation
    * @returns Promise resolving to array of slash command names
@@ -418,21 +417,14 @@ export class SystemController extends BaseController {
     }
 
     try {
-      const service = await CommandService.create(
-        [new BuiltinCommandLoader(this.context.config)],
-        signal,
-      );
+      const commands = await getAvailableCommands(this.context.config, signal);
 
       if (signal.aborted) {
         return [];
       }
 
-      const names = new Set<string>();
-      const commands = service.getCommands();
-      for (const command of commands) {
-        names.add(command.name);
-      }
-      return Array.from(names).sort();
+      // Extract command names and sort
+      return commands.map((cmd) => cmd.name).sort();
     } catch (error) {
       // Check if the error is due to abort
       if (signal.aborted) {

packages/cli/src/nonInteractiveCli.test.ts

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
   let mockShutdownTelemetry: Mock;
   let consoleErrorSpy: MockInstance;
   let processStdoutSpy: MockInstance;
+  let processStderrSpy: MockInstance;
   let mockGeminiClient: {
     sendMessageStream: Mock;
     getChatRecordingService: Mock;
@@ -86,6 +87,9 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
     processStdoutSpy = vi
       .spyOn(process.stdout, 'write')
       .mockImplementation(() => true);
+    processStderrSpy = vi
+      .spyOn(process.stderr, 'write')
+      .mockImplementation(() => true);
     vi.spyOn(process, 'exit').mockImplementation((code) => {
       throw new Error(`process.exit(${code}) called`);
     });
@@ -139,6 +143,8 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
       setModel: vi.fn(async (model: string) => {
         currentModel = model;
       }),
+      getExperimentalZedIntegration: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+      isInteractive: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
     } as unknown as Config;
 
     mockSettings = {
@@ -852,7 +858,7 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
     expect(processStdoutSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Response from command');
   });
 
-  it('should throw FatalInputError if a command requires confirmation', async () => {
+  it('should handle command that requires confirmation by returning early', async () => {
     const mockCommand = {
       name: 'confirm',
       description: 'a command that needs confirmation',
@@ -864,15 +870,16 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
     };
     mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockCommand]);
 
-    await expect(
-      runNonInteractive(
-        mockConfig,
-        mockSettings,
-        '/confirm',
-        'prompt-id-confirm',
-      ),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(
-      'Exiting due to a confirmation prompt requested by the command.',
+    await runNonInteractive(
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      '/confirm',
+      'prompt-id-confirm',
+    );
+
+    // Should write error message to stderr
+    expect(processStderrSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'Shell command confirmation is not supported in non-interactive mode. Use YOLO mode or pre-approve commands.\n',
     );
   });
 
@@ -909,7 +916,30 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
     expect(processStdoutSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Response to unknown');
   });
 
-  it('should throw for unhandled command result types', async () => {
+  it('should handle known but unsupported slash commands like /help by returning early', async () => {
+    // Mock a built-in command that exists but is not in the allowed list
+    const mockHelpCommand = {
+      name: 'help',
+      description: 'Show help',
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: vi.fn(),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockHelpCommand]);
+
+    await runNonInteractive(
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      '/help',
+      'prompt-id-help',
+    );
+
+    // Should write error message to stderr
+    expect(processStderrSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'The command "/help" is not supported in non-interactive mode.\n',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should handle unhandled command result types by returning early with error', async () => {
     const mockCommand = {
       name: 'noaction',
       description: 'unhandled type',
@@ -920,15 +950,16 @@ describe('runNonInteractive', () => {
     };
     mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockCommand]);
 
-    await expect(
-      runNonInteractive(
-        mockConfig,
-        mockSettings,
-        '/noaction',
-        'prompt-id-unhandled',
-      ),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(
-      'Exiting due to command result that is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
+    await runNonInteractive(
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      '/noaction',
+      'prompt-id-unhandled',
+    );
+
+    // Should write error message to stderr
+    expect(processStderrSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'Unknown command result type: unhandled\n',
     );
   });
 

packages/cli/src/nonInteractiveCli.ts

@@ -42,6 +42,55 @@ import {
   computeUsageFromMetrics,
 } from './utils/nonInteractiveHelpers.js';
 
+/**
+ * Emits a final message for slash command results.
+ * Note: systemMessage should already be emitted before calling this function.
+ */
+async function emitNonInteractiveFinalMessage(params: {
+  message: string;
+  isError: boolean;
+  adapter?: JsonOutputAdapterInterface;
+  config: Config;
+  startTimeMs: number;
+}): Promise<void> {
+  const { message, isError, adapter, config } = params;
+
+  if (!adapter) {
+    // Text output mode: write directly to stdout/stderr
+    const target = isError ? process.stderr : process.stdout;
+    target.write(`${message}\n`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // JSON output mode: emit assistant message and result
+  // (systemMessage should already be emitted by caller)
+  adapter.startAssistantMessage();
+  adapter.processEvent({
+    type: GeminiEventType.Content,
+    value: message,
+  } as unknown as Parameters<JsonOutputAdapterInterface['processEvent']>[0]);
+  adapter.finalizeAssistantMessage();
+
+  const metrics = uiTelemetryService.getMetrics();
+  const usage = computeUsageFromMetrics(metrics);
+  const outputFormat = config.getOutputFormat();
+  const stats =
+    outputFormat === OutputFormat.JSON
+      ? uiTelemetryService.getMetrics()
+      : undefined;
+
+  adapter.emitResult({
+    isError,
+    durationMs: Date.now() - params.startTimeMs,
+    apiDurationMs: 0,
+    numTurns: 0,
+    errorMessage: isError ? message : undefined,
+    usage,
+    stats,
+    summary: message,
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * Provides optional overrides for `runNonInteractive` execution.
  *
@@ -115,6 +164,16 @@ export async function runNonInteractive(
       process.on('SIGINT', shutdownHandler);
       process.on('SIGTERM', shutdownHandler);
 
+      // Emit systemMessage first (always the first message in JSON mode)
+      if (adapter) {
+        const systemMessage = await buildSystemMessage(
+          config,
+          sessionId,
+          permissionMode,
+        );
+        adapter.emitMessage(systemMessage);
+      }
+
       let initialPartList: PartListUnion | null = extractPartsFromUserMessage(
         options.userMessage,
       );
@@ -128,10 +187,45 @@ export async function runNonInteractive(
             config,
             settings,
           );
-          if (slashCommandResult) {
-            // A slash command can replace the prompt entirely; fall back to @-command processing otherwise.
-            initialPartList = slashCommandResult as PartListUnion;
-            slashHandled = true;
+          switch (slashCommandResult.type) {
+            case 'submit_prompt':
+              // A slash command can replace the prompt entirely; fall back to @-command processing otherwise.
+              initialPartList = slashCommandResult.content;
+              slashHandled = true;
+              break;
+            case 'message': {
+              // systemMessage already emitted above
+              await emitNonInteractiveFinalMessage({
+                message: slashCommandResult.content,
+                isError: slashCommandResult.messageType === 'error',
+                adapter,
+                config,
+                startTimeMs: startTime,
+              });
+              return;
+            }
+            case 'stream_messages':
+              throw new FatalInputError(
+                'Stream messages mode is not supported in non-interactive CLI',
+              );
+            case 'unsupported': {
+              await emitNonInteractiveFinalMessage({
+                message: slashCommandResult.reason,
+                isError: true,
+                adapter,
+                config,
+                startTimeMs: startTime,
+              });
+              return;
+            }
+            case 'no_command':
+              break;
+            default: {
+              const _exhaustive: never = slashCommandResult;
+              throw new FatalInputError(
+                `Unhandled slash command result type: ${(_exhaustive as { type: string }).type}`,
+              );
+            }
           }
         }
 
@@ -163,15 +257,6 @@ export async function runNonInteractive(
       const initialParts = normalizePartList(initialPartList);
       let currentMessages: Content[] = [{ role: 'user', parts: initialParts }];
 
-      if (adapter) {
-        const systemMessage = await buildSystemMessage(
-          config,
-          sessionId,
-          permissionMode,
-        );
-        adapter.emitMessage(systemMessage);
-      }
-
       let isFirstTurn = true;
       while (true) {
         turnCount++;

packages/cli/src/nonInteractiveCliCommands.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen Team
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { handleSlashCommand } from './nonInteractiveCliCommands.js';
+import type { Config } from '@qwen-code/qwen-code-core';
+import type { LoadedSettings } from './config/settings.js';
+import { CommandKind } from './ui/commands/types.js';
+
+// Mock the CommandService
+const mockGetCommands = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+const mockCommandServiceCreate = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+vi.mock('./services/CommandService.js', () => ({
+  CommandService: {
+    create: mockCommandServiceCreate,
+  },
+}));
+
+describe('handleSlashCommand', () => {
+  let mockConfig: Config;
+  let mockSettings: LoadedSettings;
+  let abortController: AbortController;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    mockCommandServiceCreate.mockResolvedValue({
+      getCommands: mockGetCommands,
+    });
+
+    mockConfig = {
+      getExperimentalZedIntegration: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+      isInteractive: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+      getSessionId: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('test-session'),
+      getFolderTrustFeature: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+      getFolderTrust: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+      getProjectRoot: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('/test/project'),
+      storage: {},
+    } as unknown as Config;
+
+    mockSettings = {
+      system: { path: '', settings: {} },
+      systemDefaults: { path: '', settings: {} },
+      user: { path: '', settings: {} },
+      workspace: { path: '', settings: {} },
+    } as LoadedSettings;
+
+    abortController = new AbortController();
+  });
+
+  it('should return no_command for non-slash input', async () => {
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      'regular text',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('no_command');
+  });
+
+  it('should return no_command for unknown slash commands', async () => {
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/unknowncommand',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('no_command');
+  });
+
+  it('should return unsupported for known built-in commands not in allowed list', async () => {
+    const mockHelpCommand = {
+      name: 'help',
+      description: 'Show help',
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: vi.fn(),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockHelpCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/help',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      [], // Empty allowed list
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('unsupported');
+    if (result.type === 'unsupported') {
+      expect(result.reason).toContain('/help');
+      expect(result.reason).toContain('not supported');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should return unsupported for /help when using default allowed list', async () => {
+    const mockHelpCommand = {
+      name: 'help',
+      description: 'Show help',
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: vi.fn(),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockHelpCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/help',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      // Default allowed list: ['init', 'summary', 'compress']
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('unsupported');
+    if (result.type === 'unsupported') {
+      expect(result.reason).toBe(
+        'The command "/help" is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should execute allowed built-in commands', async () => {
+    const mockInitCommand = {
+      name: 'init',
+      description: 'Initialize project',
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'info',
+        content: 'Project initialized',
+      }),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockInitCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/init',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      ['init'], // init is in the allowed list
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('message');
+    if (result.type === 'message') {
+      expect(result.content).toBe('Project initialized');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should execute file commands regardless of allowed list', async () => {
+    const mockFileCommand = {
+      name: 'custom',
+      description: 'Custom file command',
+      kind: CommandKind.FILE,
+      action: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        type: 'submit_prompt',
+        content: [{ text: 'Custom prompt' }],
+      }),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockFileCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/custom',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+      [], // Empty allowed list, but FILE commands should still work
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('submit_prompt');
+    if (result.type === 'submit_prompt') {
+      expect(result.content).toEqual([{ text: 'Custom prompt' }]);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should return unsupported for other built-in commands like /quit', async () => {
+    const mockQuitCommand = {
+      name: 'quit',
+      description: 'Quit application',
+      kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
+      action: vi.fn(),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockQuitCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/quit',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('unsupported');
+    if (result.type === 'unsupported') {
+      expect(result.reason).toContain('/quit');
+      expect(result.reason).toContain('not supported');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should handle command with no action', async () => {
+    const mockCommand = {
+      name: 'noaction',
+      description: 'Command without action',
+      kind: CommandKind.FILE,
+      // No action property
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/noaction',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('no_command');
+  });
+
+  it('should return message when command returns void', async () => {
+    const mockCommand = {
+      name: 'voidcmd',
+      description: 'Command that returns void',
+      kind: CommandKind.FILE,
+      action: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    };
+    mockGetCommands.mockReturnValue([mockCommand]);
+
+    const result = await handleSlashCommand(
+      '/voidcmd',
+      abortController,
+      mockConfig,
+      mockSettings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.type).toBe('message');
+    if (result.type === 'message') {
+      expect(result.content).toBe('Command executed successfully.');
+      expect(result.messageType).toBe('info');
+    }
+  });
+});

packages/cli/src/nonInteractiveCliCommands.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import type { PartListUnion } from '@google/genai';
 import { parseSlashCommand } from './utils/commands.js';
 import {
-  FatalInputError,
   Logger,
   uiTelemetryService,
   type Config,
@@ -19,10 +18,164 @@ import {
   CommandKind,
   type CommandContext,
   type SlashCommand,
+  type SlashCommandActionReturn,
 } from './ui/commands/types.js';
 import { createNonInteractiveUI } from './ui/noninteractive/nonInteractiveUi.js';
 import type { LoadedSettings } from './config/settings.js';
 import type { SessionStatsState } from './ui/contexts/SessionContext.js';
+import { t } from './i18n/index.js';
+
+/**
+ * Built-in commands that are allowed in non-interactive modes (CLI and ACP).
+ * Only safe, read-only commands that don't require interactive UI.
+ *
+ * These commands are:
+ * - init: Initialize project configuration
+ * - summary: Generate session summary
+ * - compress: Compress conversation history
+ */
+export const ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_NON_INTERACTIVE = [
+  'init',
+  'summary',
+  'compress',
+] as const;
+
+/**
+ * Result of handling a slash command in non-interactive mode.
+ *
+ * Supported types:
+ * - 'submit_prompt': Submits content to the model (supports all modes)
+ * - 'message': Returns a single message (supports non-interactive JSON/text only)
+ * - 'stream_messages': Streams multiple messages (supports ACP only)
+ * - 'unsupported': Command cannot be executed in this mode
+ * - 'no_command': No command was found or executed
+ */
+export type NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult =
+  | {
+      type: 'submit_prompt';
+      content: PartListUnion;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'message';
+      messageType: 'info' | 'error';
+      content: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'stream_messages';
+      messages: AsyncGenerator<
+        { messageType: 'info' | 'error'; content: string },
+        void,
+        unknown
+      >;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'unsupported';
+      reason: string;
+      originalType: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'no_command';
+    };
+
+/**
+ * Converts a SlashCommandActionReturn to a NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult.
+ *
+ * Only the following result types are supported in non-interactive mode:
+ * - submit_prompt: Submits content to the model (all modes)
+ * - message: Returns a single message (non-interactive JSON/text only)
+ * - stream_messages: Streams multiple messages (ACP only)
+ *
+ * All other result types are converted to 'unsupported'.
+ *
+ * @param result The result from executing a slash command action
+ * @returns A NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult describing the outcome
+ */
+function handleCommandResult(
+  result: SlashCommandActionReturn,
+): NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult {
+  switch (result.type) {
+    case 'submit_prompt':
+      return {
+        type: 'submit_prompt',
+        content: result.content,
+      };
+
+    case 'message':
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: result.messageType,
+        content: result.content,
+      };
+
+    case 'stream_messages':
+      return {
+        type: 'stream_messages',
+        messages: result.messages,
+      };
+
+    /**
+     * Currently return types below are never generated due to the
+     * whitelist of allowed slash commands in ACP and non-interactive mode.
+     * We'll try to add more supported return types in the future.
+     */
+    case 'tool':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason:
+          'Tool execution from slash commands is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
+        originalType: 'tool',
+      };
+
+    case 'quit':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason:
+          'Quit command is not supported in non-interactive mode. The process will exit naturally after completion.',
+        originalType: 'quit',
+      };
+
+    case 'dialog':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason: `Dialog '${result.dialog}' cannot be opened in non-interactive mode.`,
+        originalType: 'dialog',
+      };
+
+    case 'load_history':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason:
+          'Loading history is not supported in non-interactive mode. Each invocation starts with a fresh context.',
+        originalType: 'load_history',
+      };
+
+    case 'confirm_shell_commands':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason:
+          'Shell command confirmation is not supported in non-interactive mode. Use YOLO mode or pre-approve commands.',
+        originalType: 'confirm_shell_commands',
+      };
+
+    case 'confirm_action':
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason:
+          'Action confirmation is not supported in non-interactive mode. Commands requiring confirmation cannot be executed.',
+        originalType: 'confirm_action',
+      };
+
+    default: {
+      // Exhaustiveness check
+      const _exhaustive: never = result;
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason: `Unknown command result type: ${(_exhaustive as SlashCommandActionReturn).type}`,
+        originalType: 'unknown',
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
 
 /**
  * Filters commands based on the allowed built-in command names.
@@ -62,122 +215,146 @@ function filterCommandsForNonInteractive(
  * @param config The configuration object
  * @param settings The loaded settings
  * @param allowedBuiltinCommandNames Optional array of built-in command names that are
- *   allowed. If not provided or empty, only file commands are available.
- * @returns A Promise that resolves to `PartListUnion` if a valid command is
- *   found and results in a prompt, or `undefined` otherwise.
- * @throws {FatalInputError} if the command result is not supported in
- *   non-interactive mode.
+ *   allowed. Defaults to ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_NON_INTERACTIVE (init, summary, compress).
+ *   Pass an empty array to only allow file commands.
+ * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult` describing
+ *   the outcome of the command execution.
  */
 export const handleSlashCommand = async (
   rawQuery: string,
   abortController: AbortController,
   config: Config,
   settings: LoadedSettings,
-  allowedBuiltinCommandNames?: string[],
-): Promise<PartListUnion | undefined> => {
+  allowedBuiltinCommandNames: string[] = [
+    ...ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_NON_INTERACTIVE,
+  ],
+): Promise<NonInteractiveSlashCommandResult> => {
   const trimmed = rawQuery.trim();
   if (!trimmed.startsWith('/')) {
-    return;
+    return { type: 'no_command' };
   }
 
+  const isAcpMode = config.getExperimentalZedIntegration();
+  const isInteractive = config.isInteractive();
+
+  const executionMode = isAcpMode
+    ? 'acp'
+    : isInteractive
+      ? 'interactive'
+      : 'non_interactive';
+
   const allowedBuiltinSet = new Set(allowedBuiltinCommandNames ?? []);
 
-  // Only load BuiltinCommandLoader if there are allowed built-in commands
-  const loaders =
-    allowedBuiltinSet.size > 0
-      ? [new BuiltinCommandLoader(config), new FileCommandLoader(config)]
-      : [new FileCommandLoader(config)];
+  // Load all commands to check if the command exists but is not allowed
+  const allLoaders = [
+    new BuiltinCommandLoader(config),
+    new FileCommandLoader(config),
+  ];
 
   const commandService = await CommandService.create(
-    loaders,
+    allLoaders,
     abortController.signal,
   );
-  const commands = commandService.getCommands();
+  const allCommands = commandService.getCommands();
   const filteredCommands = filterCommandsForNonInteractive(
-    commands,
+    allCommands,
     allowedBuiltinSet,
   );
 
+  // First, try to parse with filtered commands
   const { commandToExecute, args } = parseSlashCommand(
     rawQuery,
     filteredCommands,
   );
 
-  if (commandToExecute) {
-    if (commandToExecute.action) {
-      // Not used by custom commands but may be in the future.
-      const sessionStats: SessionStatsState = {
-        sessionId: config?.getSessionId(),
-        sessionStartTime: new Date(),
-        metrics: uiTelemetryService.getMetrics(),
-        lastPromptTokenCount: 0,
-        promptCount: 1,
+  if (!commandToExecute) {
+    // Check if this is a known command that's just not allowed
+    const { commandToExecute: knownCommand } = parseSlashCommand(
+      rawQuery,
+      allCommands,
+    );
+
+    if (knownCommand) {
+      // Command exists but is not allowed in non-interactive mode
+      return {
+        type: 'unsupported',
+        reason: t(
+          'The command "/{{command}}" is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
+          { command: knownCommand.name },
+        ),
+        originalType: 'filtered_command',
       };
-
-      const logger = new Logger(config?.getSessionId() || '', config?.storage);
-
-      const context: CommandContext = {
-        services: {
-          config,
-          settings,
-          git: undefined,
-          logger,
-        },
-        ui: createNonInteractiveUI(),
-        session: {
-          stats: sessionStats,
-          sessionShellAllowlist: new Set(),
-        },
-        invocation: {
-          raw: trimmed,
-          name: commandToExecute.name,
-          args,
-        },
-      };
-
-      const result = await commandToExecute.action(context, args);
-
-      if (result) {
-        switch (result.type) {
-          case 'submit_prompt':
-            return result.content;
-          case 'confirm_shell_commands':
-            // This result indicates a command attempted to confirm shell commands.
-            // However note that currently, ShellTool is excluded in non-interactive
-            // mode unless 'YOLO mode' is active, so confirmation actually won't
-            // occur because of YOLO mode.
-            // This ensures that if a command *does* request confirmation (e.g.
-            // in the future with more granular permissions), it's handled appropriately.
-            throw new FatalInputError(
-              'Exiting due to a confirmation prompt requested by the command.',
-            );
-          default:
-            throw new FatalInputError(
-              'Exiting due to command result that is not supported in non-interactive mode.',
-            );
-        }
-      }
     }
+
+    return { type: 'no_command' };
   }
 
-  return;
+  if (!commandToExecute.action) {
+    return { type: 'no_command' };
+  }
+
+  // Not used by custom commands but may be in the future.
+  const sessionStats: SessionStatsState = {
+    sessionId: config?.getSessionId(),
+    sessionStartTime: new Date(),
+    metrics: uiTelemetryService.getMetrics(),
+    lastPromptTokenCount: 0,
+    promptCount: 1,
+  };
+
+  const logger = new Logger(config?.getSessionId() || '', config?.storage);
+
+  const context: CommandContext = {
+    executionMode,
+    services: {
+      config,
+      settings,
+      git: undefined,
+      logger,
+    },
+    ui: createNonInteractiveUI(),
+    session: {
+      stats: sessionStats,
+      sessionShellAllowlist: new Set(),
+    },
+    invocation: {
+      raw: trimmed,
+      name: commandToExecute.name,
+      args,
+    },
+  };
+
+  const result = await commandToExecute.action(context, args);
+
+  if (!result) {
+    // Command executed but returned no result (e.g., void return)
+    return {
+      type: 'message',
+      messageType: 'info',
+      content: 'Command executed successfully.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Handle different result types
+  return handleCommandResult(result);
 };
 
 /**
  * Retrieves all available slash commands for the current configuration.
  *
  * @param config The configuration object
- * @param settings The loaded settings
  * @param abortSignal Signal to cancel the loading process
  * @param allowedBuiltinCommandNames Optional array of built-in command names that are
- *   allowed. If not provided or empty, only file commands are available.
+ *   allowed. Defaults to ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_NON_INTERACTIVE (init, summary, compress).
+ *   Pass an empty array to only include file commands.
  * @returns A Promise that resolves to an array of SlashCommand objects
  */
 export const getAvailableCommands = async (
   config: Config,
-  settings: LoadedSettings,
   abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  allowedBuiltinCommandNames?: string[],
+  allowedBuiltinCommandNames: string[] = [
+    ...ALLOWED_BUILTIN_COMMANDS_NON_INTERACTIVE,
+  ],
 ): Promise<SlashCommand[]> => {
   try {
     const allowedBuiltinSet = new Set(allowedBuiltinCommandNames ?? []);

packages/cli/src/ui/auth/useAuth.ts

@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ export const useAuthCommand = (
       ![
         AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH,
         AuthType.USE_OPENAI,
+        AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC,
         AuthType.USE_GEMINI,
         AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
       ].includes(defaultAuthType as AuthType)
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ export const useAuthCommand = (
             validValues: [
               AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH,
               AuthType.USE_OPENAI,
+              AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC,
               AuthType.USE_GEMINI,
               AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
             ].join(', '),

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/compressCommand.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
   kind: CommandKind.BUILT_IN,
   action: async (context) => {
     const { ui } = context;
-    if (ui.pendingItem) {
+    const executionMode = context.executionMode ?? 'interactive';
+
+    if (executionMode === 'interactive' && ui.pendingItem) {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: MessageType.ERROR,
@@ -40,13 +42,80 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
       },
     };
 
-    try {
-      ui.setPendingItem(pendingMessage);
+    const config = context.services.config;
+    const geminiClient = config?.getGeminiClient();
+    if (!config || !geminiClient) {
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'error',
+        content: t('Config not loaded.'),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const doCompress = async () => {
       const promptId = `compress-${Date.now()}`;
-      const compressed = await context.services.config
-        ?.getGeminiClient()
-        ?.tryCompressChat(promptId, true);
-      if (compressed) {
+      return await geminiClient.tryCompressChat(promptId, true);
+    };
+
+    if (executionMode === 'acp') {
+      const messages = async function* () {
+        try {
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'info' as const,
+            content: 'Compressing context...',
+          };
+          const compressed = await doCompress();
+          if (!compressed) {
+            yield {
+              messageType: 'error' as const,
+              content: t('Failed to compress chat history.'),
+            };
+            return;
+          }
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'info' as const,
+            content: `Context compressed (${compressed.originalTokenCount} -> ${compressed.newTokenCount}).`,
+          };
+        } catch (e) {
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'error' as const,
+            content: t('Failed to compress chat history: {{error}}', {
+              error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
+            }),
+          };
+        }
+      };
+
+      return { type: 'stream_messages', messages: messages() };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (executionMode === 'interactive') {
+        ui.setPendingItem(pendingMessage);
+      }
+
+      const compressed = await doCompress();
+
+      if (!compressed) {
+        if (executionMode === 'interactive') {
+          ui.addItem(
+            {
+              type: MessageType.ERROR,
+              text: t('Failed to compress chat history.'),
+            },
+            Date.now(),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'error',
+          content: t('Failed to compress chat history.'),
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (executionMode === 'interactive') {
         ui.addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.COMPRESSION,
@@ -59,27 +128,39 @@ export const compressCommand: SlashCommand = {
           } as HistoryItemCompression,
           Date.now(),
         );
-      } else {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'info',
+        content: `Context compressed (${compressed.originalTokenCount} -> ${compressed.newTokenCount}).`,
+      };
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (executionMode === 'interactive') {
         ui.addItem(
           {
             type: MessageType.ERROR,
-            text: t('Failed to compress chat history.'),
+            text: t('Failed to compress chat history: {{error}}', {
+              error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
+            }),
           },
           Date.now(),
         );
+        return;
       }
-    } catch (e) {
-      ui.addItem(
-        {
-          type: MessageType.ERROR,
-          text: t('Failed to compress chat history: {{error}}', {
-            error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
-          }),
-        },
-        Date.now(),
-      );
+
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'error',
+        content: t('Failed to compress chat history: {{error}}', {
+          error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
+        }),
+      };
     } finally {
-      ui.setPendingItem(null);
+      if (executionMode === 'interactive') {
+        ui.setPendingItem(null);
+      }
     }
   },
 };

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/summaryCommand.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
   action: async (context): Promise<SlashCommandActionReturn> => {
     const { config } = context.services;
     const { ui } = context;
+    const executionMode = context.executionMode ?? 'interactive';
+
     if (!config) {
       return {
         type: 'message',
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       };
     }
 
-    // Check if already generating summary
-    if (ui.pendingItem) {
+    // Check if already generating summary (interactive UI only)
+    if (executionMode === 'interactive' && ui.pendingItem) {
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'error' as const,
@@ -63,29 +65,22 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
       };
     }
 
-    try {
-      // Get the current chat history
+    const getChatHistory = () => {
       const chat = geminiClient.getChat();
-      const history = chat.getHistory();
+      return chat.getHistory();
+    };
 
+    const validateChatHistory = (
+      history: ReturnType<typeof getChatHistory>,
+    ) => {
       if (history.length <= 2) {
-        return {
-          type: 'message',
-          messageType: 'info',
-          content: t('No conversation found to summarize.'),
-        };
+        throw new Error(t('No conversation found to summarize.'));
       }
+    };
 
-      // Show loading state
-      const pendingMessage: HistoryItemSummary = {
-        type: 'summary',
-        summary: {
-          isPending: true,
-          stage: 'generating',
-        },
-      };
-      ui.setPendingItem(pendingMessage);
-
+    const generateSummaryMarkdown = async (
+      history: ReturnType<typeof getChatHistory>,
+    ): Promise<string> => {
       // Build the conversation context for summary generation
       const conversationContext = history.map((message) => ({
         role: message.role,
@@ -121,19 +116,21 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
       if (!markdownSummary) {
         throw new Error(
-          'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response',
+          t(
+            'Failed to generate summary - no text content received from LLM response',
+          ),
         );
       }
 
-      // Update loading message to show saving progress
-      ui.setPendingItem({
-        type: 'summary',
-        summary: {
-          isPending: true,
-          stage: 'saving',
-        },
-      });
+      return markdownSummary;
+    };
 
+    const saveSummaryToDisk = async (
+      markdownSummary: string,
+    ): Promise<{
+      filePathForDisplay: string;
+      fullPath: string;
+    }> => {
       // Ensure .qwen directory exists
       const projectRoot = config.getProjectRoot();
       const qwenDir = path.join(projectRoot, '.qwen');
@@ -155,45 +152,163 @@ export const summaryCommand: SlashCommand = {
 
       await fsPromises.writeFile(summaryPath, summaryContent, 'utf8');
 
-      // Clear pending item and show success message
+      return {
+        filePathForDisplay: '.qwen/PROJECT_SUMMARY.md',
+        fullPath: summaryPath,
+      };
+    };
+
+    const emitInteractivePending = (stage: 'generating' | 'saving') => {
+      if (executionMode !== 'interactive') {
+        return;
+      }
+      const pendingMessage: HistoryItemSummary = {
+        type: 'summary',
+        summary: {
+          isPending: true,
+          stage,
+        },
+      };
+      ui.setPendingItem(pendingMessage);
+    };
+
+    const completeInteractive = (filePathForDisplay: string) => {
+      if (executionMode !== 'interactive') {
+        return;
+      }
       ui.setPendingItem(null);
       const completedSummaryItem: HistoryItemSummary = {
         type: 'summary',
         summary: {
           isPending: false,
           stage: 'completed',
-          filePath: '.qwen/PROJECT_SUMMARY.md',
+          filePath: filePathForDisplay,
         },
       };
       ui.addItem(completedSummaryItem, Date.now());
+    };
 
-      return {
-        type: 'message',
-        messageType: 'info',
-        content: '', // Empty content since we show the message in UI component
-      };
-    } catch (error) {
-      // Clear pending item on error
+    const formatErrorMessage = (error: unknown): string =>
+      t('Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}', {
+        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      });
+
+    const failInteractive = (error: unknown) => {
+      if (executionMode !== 'interactive') {
+        return;
+      }
       ui.setPendingItem(null);
       ui.addItem(
         {
           type: 'error' as const,
-          text: `❌ ${t(
-            'Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}',
-            {
-              error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-            },
-          )}`,
+          text: `❌ ${formatErrorMessage(error)}`,
         },
         Date.now(),
       );
+    };
+
+    const formatSuccessMessage = (filePathForDisplay: string): string =>
+      t('Saved project summary to {{filePathForDisplay}}.', {
+        filePathForDisplay,
+      });
+
+    const returnNoConversationMessage = (): SlashCommandActionReturn => {
+      const msg = t('No conversation found to summarize.');
+      if (executionMode === 'acp') {
+        const messages = async function* () {
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'info' as const,
+            content: msg,
+          };
+        };
+        return {
+          type: 'stream_messages',
+          messages: messages(),
+        };
+      }
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'info',
+        content: msg,
+      };
+    };
+
+    const executeSummaryGeneration = async (
+      history: ReturnType<typeof getChatHistory>,
+    ): Promise<{
+      markdownSummary: string;
+      filePathForDisplay: string;
+    }> => {
+      emitInteractivePending('generating');
+      const markdownSummary = await generateSummaryMarkdown(history);
+      emitInteractivePending('saving');
+      const { filePathForDisplay } = await saveSummaryToDisk(markdownSummary);
+      completeInteractive(filePathForDisplay);
+      return { markdownSummary, filePathForDisplay };
+    };
+
+    // Validate chat history once at the beginning
+    const history = getChatHistory();
+    try {
+      validateChatHistory(history);
+    } catch (_error) {
+      return returnNoConversationMessage();
+    }
+
+    if (executionMode === 'acp') {
+      const messages = async function* () {
+        try {
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'info' as const,
+            content: t('Generating project summary...'),
+          };
+
+          const { filePathForDisplay } =
+            await executeSummaryGeneration(history);
+
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'info' as const,
+            content: formatSuccessMessage(filePathForDisplay),
+          };
+        } catch (error) {
+          failInteractive(error);
+          yield {
+            messageType: 'error' as const,
+            content: formatErrorMessage(error),
+          };
+        }
+      };
+
+      return {
+        type: 'stream_messages',
+        messages: messages(),
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { filePathForDisplay } = await executeSummaryGeneration(history);
+
+      if (executionMode === 'non_interactive') {
+        return {
+          type: 'message',
+          messageType: 'info',
+          content: formatSuccessMessage(filePathForDisplay),
+        };
+      }
+
+      // Interactive mode: UI components already display progress and completion.
+      return {
+        type: 'message',
+        messageType: 'info',
+        content: '',
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      failInteractive(error);
 
       return {
         type: 'message',
         messageType: 'error',
-        content: t('Failed to generate project context summary: {{error}}', {
-          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-        }),
+        content: formatErrorMessage(error),
       };
     }
   },

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/types.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ import type {
 
 // Grouped dependencies for clarity and easier mocking
 export interface CommandContext {
+  /**
+   * Execution mode for the current invocation.
+   *
+   * - interactive: React/Ink UI mode
+   * - non_interactive: non-interactive CLI mode (text/json)
+   * - acp: ACP/Zed integration mode
+   */
+  executionMode?: 'interactive' | 'non_interactive' | 'acp';
   // Invocation properties for when commands are called.
   invocation?: {
     /** The raw, untrimmed input string from the user. */
@@ -108,6 +116,19 @@ export interface MessageActionReturn {
   content: string;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The return type for a command action that streams multiple messages.
+ * Used for long-running operations that need to send progress updates.
+ */
+export interface StreamMessagesActionReturn {
+  type: 'stream_messages';
+  messages: AsyncGenerator<
+    { messageType: 'info' | 'error'; content: string },
+    void,
+    unknown
+  >;
+}
+
 /**
  * The return type for a command action that needs to open a dialog.
  */
@@ -174,6 +195,7 @@ export interface ConfirmActionReturn {
 export type SlashCommandActionReturn =
   | ToolActionReturn
   | MessageActionReturn
+  | StreamMessagesActionReturn
   | QuitActionReturn
   | OpenDialogActionReturn
   | LoadHistoryActionReturn

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/slashCommandProcessor.ts

@@ -520,6 +520,13 @@ export const useSlashCommandProcessor = (
                     true,
                   );
                 }
+                case 'stream_messages': {
+                  // stream_messages is only used in ACP/Zed integration mode
+                  // and should not be returned in interactive UI mode
+                  throw new Error(
+                    'stream_messages result type is not supported in interactive mode',
+                  );
+                }
                 default: {
                   const unhandled: never = result;
                   throw new Error(

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useGeminiStream.ts

@@ -526,10 +526,15 @@ export const useGeminiStream = (
         return currentThoughtBuffer;
       }
 
-      const newThoughtBuffer = currentThoughtBuffer + thoughtText;
+      let newThoughtBuffer = currentThoughtBuffer + thoughtText;
+
+      const pendingType = pendingHistoryItemRef.current?.type;
+      const isPendingThought =
+        pendingType === 'gemini_thought' ||
+        pendingType === 'gemini_thought_content';
 
       // If we're not already showing a thought, start a new one
-      if (pendingHistoryItemRef.current?.type !== 'gemini_thought') {
+      if (!isPendingThought) {
         // If there's a pending non-thought item, finalize it first
         if (pendingHistoryItemRef.current) {
           addItem(pendingHistoryItemRef.current, userMessageTimestamp);
@@ -537,11 +542,37 @@ export const useGeminiStream = (
         setPendingHistoryItem({ type: 'gemini_thought', text: '' });
       }
 
-      // Update the existing thought message with accumulated content
-      setPendingHistoryItem({
-        type: 'gemini_thought',
-        text: newThoughtBuffer,
-      });
+      // Split large thought messages for better rendering performance (same rationale
+      // as regular content streaming). This helps avoid terminal flicker caused by
+      // constantly re-rendering an ever-growing "pending" block.
+      const splitPoint = findLastSafeSplitPoint(newThoughtBuffer);
+      const nextPendingType: 'gemini_thought' | 'gemini_thought_content' =
+        isPendingThought && pendingType === 'gemini_thought_content'
+          ? 'gemini_thought_content'
+          : 'gemini_thought';
+
+      if (splitPoint === newThoughtBuffer.length) {
+        // Update the existing thought message with accumulated content
+        setPendingHistoryItem({
+          type: nextPendingType,
+          text: newThoughtBuffer,
+        });
+      } else {
+        const beforeText = newThoughtBuffer.substring(0, splitPoint);
+        const afterText = newThoughtBuffer.substring(splitPoint);
+        addItem(
+          {
+            type: nextPendingType,
+            text: beforeText,
+          },
+          userMessageTimestamp,
+        );
+        setPendingHistoryItem({
+          type: 'gemini_thought_content',
+          text: afterText,
+        });
+        newThoughtBuffer = afterText;
+      }
 
       // Also update the thought state for the loading indicator
       mergeThought(eventValue);

packages/cli/src/ui/models/availableModels.ts

@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ export function getOpenAIAvailableModelFromEnv(): AvailableModel | null {
   return id ? { id, label: id } : null;
 }
 
+export function getAnthropicAvailableModelFromEnv(): AvailableModel | null {
+  const id = process.env['ANTHROPIC_MODEL']?.trim();
+  return id ? { id, label: id } : null;
+}
+
 export function getAvailableModelsForAuthType(
   authType: AuthType,
 ): AvailableModel[] {
@@ -70,6 +75,10 @@ export function getAvailableModelsForAuthType(
       const openAIModel = getOpenAIAvailableModelFromEnv();
       return openAIModel ? [openAIModel] : [];
     }
+    case AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC: {
+      const anthropicModel = getAnthropicAvailableModelFromEnv();
+      return anthropicModel ? [anthropicModel] : [];
+    }
     default:
       // For other auth types, return empty array for now
       // This can be expanded later according to the design doc

packages/cli/src/ui/utils/resumeHistoryUtils.test.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ const makeConfig = (tools: Record<string, AnyDeclarativeTool>) =>
     getToolRegistry: () => ({
       getTool: (name: string) => tools[name],
     }),
+    getContentGenerator: () => ({
+      // Default to showing full thinking content during resume unless explicitly
+      // summarized; tests don't care about summarized thinking behavior.
+      useSummarizedThinking: () => false,
+    }),
   }) as unknown as Config;
 
 describe('resumeHistoryUtils', () => {

packages/cli/src/ui/utils/resumeHistoryUtils.ts

@@ -204,7 +204,11 @@ function convertToHistoryItems(
         const parts = record.message?.parts as Part[] | undefined;
 
         // Extract thought content
-        const thoughtText = extractThoughtTextFromParts(parts);
+        const thoughtText = !config
+          .getContentGenerator()
+          .useSummarizedThinking()
+          ? extractThoughtTextFromParts(parts)
+          : '';
 
         // Extract text content (non-function-call, non-thought)
         const text = extractTextFromParts(parts);

packages/cli/src/utils/nonInteractiveHelpers.test.ts

@@ -35,22 +35,33 @@ import {
 } from './nonInteractiveHelpers.js';
 
 // Mock dependencies
-vi.mock('../services/CommandService.js', () => ({
-  CommandService: {
-    create: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
-      getCommands: vi
-        .fn()
-        .mockReturnValue([
-          { name: 'help' },
-          { name: 'commit' },
-          { name: 'memory' },
-        ]),
-    }),
-  },
-}));
+vi.mock('../nonInteractiveCliCommands.js', () => ({
+  getAvailableCommands: vi
+    .fn()
+    .mockImplementation(
+      async (
+        _config: unknown,
+        _signal: AbortSignal,
+        allowedBuiltinCommandNames?: string[],
+      ) => {
+        const allowedSet = new Set(allowedBuiltinCommandNames ?? []);
+        const allCommands = [
+          { name: 'help', kind: 'built-in' },
+          { name: 'commit', kind: 'file' },
+          { name: 'memory', kind: 'built-in' },
+          { name: 'init', kind: 'built-in' },
+          { name: 'summary', kind: 'built-in' },
+          { name: 'compress', kind: 'built-in' },
+        ];
 
-vi.mock('../services/BuiltinCommandLoader.js', () => ({
-  BuiltinCommandLoader: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({})),
+        // Filter commands: always include file commands, only include allowed built-in commands
+        return allCommands.filter(
+          (cmd) =>
+            cmd.kind === 'file' ||
+            (cmd.kind === 'built-in' && allowedSet.has(cmd.name)),
+        );
+      },
+    ),
 }));
 
 vi.mock('../ui/utils/computeStats.js', () => ({
@@ -511,10 +522,12 @@ describe('buildSystemMessage', () => {
   });
 
   it('should build system message with all fields', async () => {
+    const allowedBuiltinCommands = ['init', 'summary', 'compress'];
     const result = await buildSystemMessage(
       mockConfig,
       'test-session-id',
       'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      allowedBuiltinCommands,
     );
 
     expect(result).toEqual({
@@ -530,7 +543,7 @@ describe('buildSystemMessage', () => {
       ],
       model: 'test-model',
       permission_mode: 'auto',
-      slash_commands: ['commit', 'help', 'memory'],
+      slash_commands: ['commit', 'compress', 'init', 'summary'],
       qwen_code_version: '1.0.0',
       agents: [],
     });
@@ -546,6 +559,7 @@ describe('buildSystemMessage', () => {
       config,
       'test-session-id',
       'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      ['init', 'summary'],
     );
 
     expect(result.tools).toEqual([]);
@@ -561,6 +575,7 @@ describe('buildSystemMessage', () => {
       config,
       'test-session-id',
       'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      ['init', 'summary'],
     );
 
     expect(result.mcp_servers).toEqual([]);
@@ -576,10 +591,37 @@ describe('buildSystemMessage', () => {
       config,
       'test-session-id',
       'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      ['init', 'summary'],
     );
 
     expect(result.qwen_code_version).toBe('unknown');
   });
+
+  it('should only include allowed built-in commands and all file commands', async () => {
+    const allowedBuiltinCommands = ['init', 'summary'];
+    const result = await buildSystemMessage(
+      mockConfig,
+      'test-session-id',
+      'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      allowedBuiltinCommands,
+    );
+
+    // Should include: 'commit' (FILE), 'init' (BUILT_IN, allowed), 'summary' (BUILT_IN, allowed)
+    // Should NOT include: 'help', 'memory', 'compress' (BUILT_IN but not in allowed set)
+    expect(result.slash_commands).toEqual(['commit', 'init', 'summary']);
+  });
+
+  it('should include only file commands when no built-in commands are allowed', async () => {
+    const result = await buildSystemMessage(
+      mockConfig,
+      'test-session-id',
+      'auto' as PermissionMode,
+      [], // Empty array - no built-in commands allowed
+    );
+
+    // Should only include 'commit' (FILE command)
+    expect(result.slash_commands).toEqual(['commit']);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('createTaskToolProgressHandler', () => {

packages/cli/src/utils/nonInteractiveHelpers.ts

@@ -25,10 +25,9 @@ import type {
   PermissionMode,
   CLISystemMessage,
 } from '../nonInteractive/types.js';
-import { CommandService } from '../services/CommandService.js';
-import { BuiltinCommandLoader } from '../services/BuiltinCommandLoader.js';
 import type { JsonOutputAdapterInterface } from '../nonInteractive/io/BaseJsonOutputAdapter.js';
 import { computeSessionStats } from '../ui/utils/computeStats.js';
+import { getAvailableCommands } from '../nonInteractiveCliCommands.js';
 
 /**
  * Normalizes various part list formats into a consistent Part[] array.
@@ -187,24 +186,27 @@ export function computeUsageFromMetrics(metrics: SessionMetrics): Usage {
 }
 
 /**
- * Load slash command names using CommandService
+ * Load slash command names using getAvailableCommands
  *
  * @param config - Config instance
+ * @param allowedBuiltinCommandNames - Optional array of allowed built-in command names.
+ *   If not provided, uses the default from getAvailableCommands.
  * @returns Promise resolving to array of slash command names
  */
-async function loadSlashCommandNames(config: Config): Promise<string[]> {
+async function loadSlashCommandNames(
+  config: Config,
+  allowedBuiltinCommandNames?: string[],
+): Promise<string[]> {
   const controller = new AbortController();
   try {
-    const service = await CommandService.create(
-      [new BuiltinCommandLoader(config)],
+    const commands = await getAvailableCommands(
+      config,
       controller.signal,
+      allowedBuiltinCommandNames,
     );
-    const names = new Set<string>();
-    const commands = service.getCommands();
-    for (const command of commands) {
-      names.add(command.name);
-    }
-    return Array.from(names).sort();
+
+    // Extract command names and sort
+    return commands.map((cmd) => cmd.name).sort();
   } catch (error) {
     if (config.getDebugMode()) {
       console.error(
@@ -233,12 +235,15 @@ async function loadSlashCommandNames(config: Config): Promise<string[]> {
  * @param config - Config instance
  * @param sessionId - Session identifier
  * @param permissionMode - Current permission/approval mode
+ * @param allowedBuiltinCommandNames - Optional array of allowed built-in command names.
+ *   If not provided, defaults to empty array (only file commands will be included).
  * @returns Promise resolving to CLISystemMessage
  */
 export async function buildSystemMessage(
   config: Config,
   sessionId: string,
   permissionMode: PermissionMode,
+  allowedBuiltinCommandNames?: string[],
 ): Promise<CLISystemMessage> {
   const toolRegistry = config.getToolRegistry();
   const tools = toolRegistry ? toolRegistry.getAllToolNames() : [];
@@ -251,8 +256,11 @@ export async function buildSystemMessage(
       }))
     : [];
 
-  // Load slash commands
-  const slashCommands = await loadSlashCommandNames(config);
+  // Load slash commands with filtering based on allowed built-in commands
+  const slashCommands = await loadSlashCommandNames(
+    config,
+    allowedBuiltinCommandNames,
+  );
 
   // Load subagent names from config
   let agentNames: string[] = [];

packages/cli/src/utils/systemInfo.ts

@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@ export async function getExtendedSystemInfo(
 
   // Get base URL if using OpenAI auth
   const baseUrl =
-    baseInfo.selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI
+    baseInfo.selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI ||
+    baseInfo.selectedAuthType === AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC
       ? context.services.config?.getContentGeneratorConfig()?.baseUrl
       : undefined;
 

packages/cli/src/validateNonInterActiveAuth.test.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ describe('validateNonInterActiveAuth', () => {
   let originalEnvVertexAi: string | undefined;
   let originalEnvGcp: string | undefined;
   let originalEnvOpenAiApiKey: string | undefined;
+  let originalEnvQwenOauth: string | undefined;
+  let originalEnvGoogleApiKey: string | undefined;
+  let originalEnvAnthropicApiKey: string | undefined;
   let consoleErrorSpy: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn>;
   let processExitSpy: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn<[code?: number], never>>;
   let refreshAuthMock: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
@@ -29,10 +32,16 @@ describe('validateNonInterActiveAuth', () => {
     originalEnvVertexAi = process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI'];
     originalEnvGcp = process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA'];
     originalEnvOpenAiApiKey = process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'];
+    originalEnvQwenOauth = process.env['QWEN_OAUTH'];
+    originalEnvGoogleApiKey = process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'];
+    originalEnvAnthropicApiKey = process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'];
     delete process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY'];
     delete process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI'];
     delete process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA'];
     delete process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'];
+    delete process.env['QWEN_OAUTH'];
+    delete process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'];
+    delete process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'];
     consoleErrorSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
     processExitSpy = vi.spyOn(process, 'exit').mockImplementation((code) => {
       throw new Error(`process.exit(${code}) called`);
@@ -80,6 +89,21 @@ describe('validateNonInterActiveAuth', () => {
     } else {
       delete process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'];
     }
+    if (originalEnvQwenOauth !== undefined) {
+      process.env['QWEN_OAUTH'] = originalEnvQwenOauth;
+    } else {
+      delete process.env['QWEN_OAUTH'];
+    }
+    if (originalEnvGoogleApiKey !== undefined) {
+      process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'] = originalEnvGoogleApiKey;
+    } else {
+      delete process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'];
+    }
+    if (originalEnvAnthropicApiKey !== undefined) {
+      process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'] = originalEnvAnthropicApiKey;
+    } else {
+      delete process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'];
+    }
     vi.restoreAllMocks();
   });
 

packages/cli/src/validateNonInterActiveAuth.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ function getAuthTypeFromEnv(): AuthType | undefined {
   if (process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY']) {
     return AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI;
   }
+  if (process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY']) {
+    return AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC;
+  }
 
   return undefined;
 }

packages/core/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code-core",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.6.0",
   "description": "Qwen Code Core",
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     "scripts/postinstall.js"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
+    "@anthropic-ai/sdk": "^0.36.1",
     "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
     "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.25.1",
     "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",

packages/core/src/config/config.test.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
   QwenLogger,
 } from '../telemetry/index.js';
 import type { ContentGeneratorConfig } from '../core/contentGenerator.js';
-import { DEFAULT_DASHSCOPE_BASE_URL } from '../core/openaiContentGenerator/constants.js';
 import {
   AuthType,
   createContentGeneratorConfig,
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ describe('Server Config (config.ts)', () => {
         authType,
         {
           model: MODEL,
-          baseUrl: DEFAULT_DASHSCOPE_BASE_URL,
+          baseUrl: undefined,
         },
       );
       // Verify that contentGeneratorConfig is updated

packages/core/src/config/config.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ import { canUseRipgrep } from '../utils/ripgrepUtils.js';
 import { RipGrepTool } from '../tools/ripGrep.js';
 import { ShellTool } from '../tools/shell.js';
 import { SmartEditTool } from '../tools/smart-edit.js';
+import { SkillTool } from '../tools/skill.js';
 import { TaskTool } from '../tools/task.js';
 import { TodoWriteTool } from '../tools/todoWrite.js';
 import { ToolRegistry } from '../tools/tool-registry.js';
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ import { WriteFileTool } from '../tools/write-file.js';
 import { ideContextStore } from '../ide/ideContext.js';
 import { InputFormat, OutputFormat } from '../output/types.js';
 import { PromptRegistry } from '../prompts/prompt-registry.js';
+import { SkillManager } from '../skills/skill-manager.js';
 import { SubagentManager } from '../subagents/subagent-manager.js';
 import type { SubagentConfig } from '../subagents/types.js';
 import {
@@ -94,7 +96,6 @@ import {
 } from './constants.js';
 import { DEFAULT_QWEN_EMBEDDING_MODEL, DEFAULT_QWEN_MODEL } from './models.js';
 import { Storage } from './storage.js';
-import { DEFAULT_DASHSCOPE_BASE_URL } from '../core/openaiContentGenerator/constants.js';
 import { ChatRecordingService } from '../services/chatRecordingService.js';
 import {
   SessionService,
@@ -305,6 +306,7 @@ export interface ConfigParameters {
   extensionContextFilePaths?: string[];
   maxSessionTurns?: number;
   sessionTokenLimit?: number;
+  experimentalSkills?: boolean;
   experimentalZedIntegration?: boolean;
   listExtensions?: boolean;
   extensions?: GeminiCLIExtension[];
@@ -389,6 +391,7 @@ export class Config {
   private toolRegistry!: ToolRegistry;
   private promptRegistry!: PromptRegistry;
   private subagentManager!: SubagentManager;
+  private skillManager!: SkillManager;
   private fileSystemService: FileSystemService;
   private contentGeneratorConfig!: ContentGeneratorConfig;
   private contentGenerator!: ContentGenerator;
@@ -458,6 +461,7 @@ export class Config {
     | undefined;
   private readonly cliVersion?: string;
   private readonly experimentalZedIntegration: boolean = false;
+  private readonly experimentalSkills: boolean = false;
   private readonly chatRecordingEnabled: boolean;
   private readonly loadMemoryFromIncludeDirectories: boolean = false;
   private readonly webSearch?: {
@@ -557,6 +561,7 @@ export class Config {
     this.sessionTokenLimit = params.sessionTokenLimit ?? -1;
     this.experimentalZedIntegration =
       params.experimentalZedIntegration ?? false;
+    this.experimentalSkills = params.experimentalSkills ?? false;
     this.listExtensions = params.listExtensions ?? false;
     this._extensions = params.extensions ?? [];
     this._blockedMcpServers = params.blockedMcpServers ?? [];
@@ -568,7 +573,7 @@ export class Config {
     this._generationConfig = {
       model: params.model,
       ...(params.generationConfig || {}),
-      baseUrl: params.generationConfig?.baseUrl || DEFAULT_DASHSCOPE_BASE_URL,
+      baseUrl: params.generationConfig?.baseUrl,
     };
     this.contentGeneratorConfig = this
       ._generationConfig as ContentGeneratorConfig;
@@ -644,6 +649,7 @@ export class Config {
     }
     this.promptRegistry = new PromptRegistry();
     this.subagentManager = new SubagentManager(this);
+    this.skillManager = new SkillManager(this);
 
     // Load session subagents if they were provided before initialization
     if (this.sessionSubagents.length > 0) {
@@ -1066,6 +1072,10 @@ export class Config {
     return this.experimentalZedIntegration;
   }
 
+  getExperimentalSkills(): boolean {
+    return this.experimentalSkills;
+  }
+
   getListExtensions(): boolean {
     return this.listExtensions;
   }
@@ -1296,6 +1306,10 @@ export class Config {
     return this.subagentManager;
   }
 
+  getSkillManager(): SkillManager {
+    return this.skillManager;
+  }
+
   async createToolRegistry(
     sendSdkMcpMessage?: SendSdkMcpMessage,
   ): Promise<ToolRegistry> {
@@ -1338,6 +1352,9 @@ export class Config {
     };
 
     registerCoreTool(TaskTool, this);
+    if (this.getExperimentalSkills()) {
+      registerCoreTool(SkillTool, this);
+    }
     registerCoreTool(LSTool, this);
     registerCoreTool(ReadFileTool, this);
 

packages/core/src/config/storage.ts

@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ export class Storage {
     return path.join(this.getExtensionsDir(), 'qwen-extension.json');
   }
 
+  getUserSkillsDir(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalQwenDir(), 'skills');
+  }
+
   getHistoryFilePath(): string {
     return path.join(this.getProjectTempDir(), 'shell_history');
   }

packages/core/src/core/anthropicContentGenerator/anthropicContentGenerator.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type {
+  CountTokensParameters,
+  GenerateContentParameters,
+} from '@google/genai';
+import { FinishReason, GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
+
+// Mock the request tokenizer module BEFORE importing the class that uses it.
+const mockTokenizer = {
+  calculateTokens: vi.fn(),
+  dispose: vi.fn(),
+};
+
+vi.mock('../../utils/request-tokenizer/index.js', () => ({
+  getDefaultTokenizer: vi.fn(() => mockTokenizer),
+  DefaultRequestTokenizer: vi.fn(() => mockTokenizer),
+  disposeDefaultTokenizer: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+type AnthropicCreateArgs = [unknown, { signal?: AbortSignal }?];
+
+const anthropicMockState: {
+  constructorOptions?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  lastCreateArgs?: AnthropicCreateArgs;
+  createImpl: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+} = {
+  constructorOptions: undefined,
+  lastCreateArgs: undefined,
+  createImpl: vi.fn(),
+};
+
+vi.mock('@anthropic-ai/sdk', () => {
+  class AnthropicMock {
+    messages: { create: (...args: AnthropicCreateArgs) => unknown };
+
+    constructor(options: Record<string, unknown>) {
+      anthropicMockState.constructorOptions = options;
+      this.messages = {
+        create: (...args: AnthropicCreateArgs) => {
+          anthropicMockState.lastCreateArgs = args;
+          return anthropicMockState.createImpl(...args);
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    default: AnthropicMock,
+    __anthropicState: anthropicMockState,
+  };
+});
+
+// Now import the modules that depend on the mocked modules.
+import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
+
+const importGenerator = async (): Promise<{
+  AnthropicContentGenerator: typeof import('./anthropicContentGenerator.js').AnthropicContentGenerator;
+}> => import('./anthropicContentGenerator.js');
+
+const importConverter = async (): Promise<{
+  AnthropicContentConverter: typeof import('./converter.js').AnthropicContentConverter;
+}> => import('./converter.js');
+
+describe('AnthropicContentGenerator', () => {
+  let mockConfig: Config;
+  let anthropicState: {
+    constructorOptions?: Record<string, unknown>;
+    lastCreateArgs?: AnthropicCreateArgs;
+    createImpl: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    vi.resetModules();
+
+    mockTokenizer.calculateTokens.mockResolvedValue({
+      totalTokens: 50,
+      breakdown: {
+        textTokens: 50,
+        imageTokens: 0,
+        audioTokens: 0,
+        otherTokens: 0,
+      },
+      processingTime: 1,
+    });
+    anthropicState = anthropicMockState;
+
+    anthropicState.createImpl.mockReset();
+    anthropicState.lastCreateArgs = undefined;
+    anthropicState.constructorOptions = undefined;
+
+    mockConfig = {
+      getCliVersion: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('1.2.3'),
+    } as unknown as Config;
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it('passes a QwenCode User-Agent header to the Anthropic SDK', async () => {
+    const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+    void new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+      {
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        apiKey: 'test-key',
+        baseUrl: 'https://example.invalid',
+        timeout: 10_000,
+        maxRetries: 2,
+        samplingParams: {},
+        schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    const headers = (anthropicState.constructorOptions?.['defaultHeaders'] ||
+      {}) as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['User-Agent']).toContain('QwenCode/1.2.3');
+    expect(headers['User-Agent']).toContain(
+      `(${process.platform}; ${process.arch})`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('adds the effort beta header when reasoning.effort is set', async () => {
+    const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+    void new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+      {
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        apiKey: 'test-key',
+        baseUrl: 'https://example.invalid',
+        timeout: 10_000,
+        maxRetries: 2,
+        samplingParams: {},
+        schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+        reasoning: { effort: 'medium' },
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    const headers = (anthropicState.constructorOptions?.['defaultHeaders'] ||
+      {}) as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['anthropic-beta']).toContain('effort-2025-11-24');
+  });
+
+  it('does not add the effort beta header when reasoning.effort is not set', async () => {
+    const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+    void new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+      {
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        apiKey: 'test-key',
+        baseUrl: 'https://example.invalid',
+        timeout: 10_000,
+        maxRetries: 2,
+        samplingParams: {},
+        schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    const headers = (anthropicState.constructorOptions?.['defaultHeaders'] ||
+      {}) as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['anthropic-beta']).not.toContain('effort-2025-11-24');
+  });
+
+  it('omits the anthropic beta header when reasoning is disabled', async () => {
+    const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+    void new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+      {
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        apiKey: 'test-key',
+        baseUrl: 'https://example.invalid',
+        timeout: 10_000,
+        maxRetries: 2,
+        samplingParams: {},
+        schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+        reasoning: false,
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    const headers = (anthropicState.constructorOptions?.['defaultHeaders'] ||
+      {}) as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['anthropic-beta']).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  describe('generateContent', () => {
+    it('builds request with config sampling params (config overrides request) and thinking budget', async () => {
+      const { AnthropicContentConverter } = await importConverter();
+      const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+
+      const convertResponseSpy = vi
+        .spyOn(
+          AnthropicContentConverter.prototype,
+          'convertAnthropicResponseToGemini',
+        )
+        .mockReturnValue(
+          (() => {
+            const r = new GenerateContentResponse();
+            r.responseId = 'gemini-1';
+            return r;
+          })(),
+        );
+
+      anthropicState.createImpl.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'anthropic-1',
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }],
+      });
+
+      const generator = new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+        {
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          apiKey: 'test-key',
+          baseUrl: 'https://example.invalid',
+          timeout: 10_000,
+          maxRetries: 2,
+          samplingParams: {
+            temperature: 0.7,
+            max_tokens: 1000,
+            top_p: 0.9,
+            top_k: 20,
+          },
+          schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+          reasoning: { effort: 'high', budget_tokens: 1000 },
+        },
+        mockConfig,
+      );
+
+      const abortController = new AbortController();
+      const request: GenerateContentParameters = {
+        model: 'models/ignored',
+        contents: 'Hello',
+        config: {
+          temperature: 0.1,
+          maxOutputTokens: 200,
+          topP: 0.5,
+          topK: 5,
+          abortSignal: abortController.signal,
+        },
+      };
+
+      const result = await generator.generateContent(request);
+      expect(result.responseId).toBe('gemini-1');
+
+      expect(anthropicState.lastCreateArgs).toBeDefined();
+      const [anthropicRequest, options] =
+        anthropicState.lastCreateArgs as AnthropicCreateArgs;
+
+      expect(options?.signal).toBe(abortController.signal);
+
+      expect(anthropicRequest).toEqual(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          max_tokens: 1000,
+          temperature: 0.7,
+          top_p: 0.9,
+          top_k: 20,
+          thinking: { type: 'enabled', budget_tokens: 1000 },
+          output_config: { effort: 'high' },
+        }),
+      );
+
+      expect(convertResponseSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('omits thinking when request.config.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts is false', async () => {
+      const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+      anthropicState.createImpl.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'anthropic-1',
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }],
+      });
+
+      const generator = new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+        {
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          apiKey: 'test-key',
+          timeout: 10_000,
+          maxRetries: 2,
+          samplingParams: { max_tokens: 500 },
+          schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+          reasoning: { effort: 'high' },
+        },
+        mockConfig,
+      );
+
+      await generator.generateContent({
+        model: 'models/ignored',
+        contents: 'Hello',
+        config: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: false } },
+      } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters);
+
+      const [anthropicRequest] =
+        anthropicState.lastCreateArgs as AnthropicCreateArgs;
+      expect(anthropicRequest).toEqual(
+        expect.not.objectContaining({ thinking: expect.anything() }),
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('countTokens', () => {
+    it('counts tokens using the request tokenizer', async () => {
+      const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+      const generator = new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+        {
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          apiKey: 'test-key',
+          timeout: 10_000,
+          maxRetries: 2,
+          samplingParams: {},
+          schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+        },
+        mockConfig,
+      );
+
+      const request: CountTokensParameters = {
+        contents: [{ role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'Hello world' }] }],
+        model: 'claude-test',
+      };
+
+      const result = await generator.countTokens(request);
+      expect(mockTokenizer.calculateTokens).toHaveBeenCalledWith(request, {
+        textEncoding: 'cl100k_base',
+      });
+      expect(result.totalTokens).toBe(50);
+    });
+
+    it('falls back to character approximation when tokenizer throws', async () => {
+      const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+      mockTokenizer.calculateTokens.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('boom'));
+      const generator = new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+        {
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          apiKey: 'test-key',
+          timeout: 10_000,
+          maxRetries: 2,
+          samplingParams: {},
+          schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+        },
+        mockConfig,
+      );
+
+      const request: CountTokensParameters = {
+        contents: [{ role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'Hello' }] }],
+        model: 'claude-test',
+      };
+
+      const content = JSON.stringify(request.contents);
+      const expected = Math.ceil(content.length / 4);
+      const result = await generator.countTokens(request);
+      expect(result.totalTokens).toBe(expected);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('generateContentStream', () => {
+    it('requests stream=true and converts streamed events into Gemini chunks', async () => {
+      const { AnthropicContentGenerator } = await importGenerator();
+      anthropicState.createImpl.mockResolvedValue(
+        (async function* () {
+          yield {
+            type: 'message_start',
+            message: {
+              id: 'msg-1',
+              model: 'claude-test',
+              usage: { cache_read_input_tokens: 2, input_tokens: 3 },
+            },
+          };
+
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_start',
+            index: 0,
+            content_block: { type: 'text' },
+          };
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_delta',
+            index: 0,
+            delta: { type: 'text_delta', text: 'Hello' },
+          };
+          yield { type: 'content_block_stop', index: 0 };
+
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_start',
+            index: 1,
+            content_block: { type: 'thinking', signature: '' },
+          };
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_delta',
+            index: 1,
+            delta: { type: 'thinking_delta', thinking: 'Think' },
+          };
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_delta',
+            index: 1,
+            delta: { type: 'signature_delta', signature: 'abc' },
+          };
+          yield { type: 'content_block_stop', index: 1 };
+
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_start',
+            index: 2,
+            content_block: {
+              type: 'tool_use',
+              id: 't1',
+              name: 'tool',
+              input: {},
+            },
+          };
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_delta',
+            index: 2,
+            delta: { type: 'input_json_delta', partial_json: '{"x":' },
+          };
+          yield {
+            type: 'content_block_delta',
+            index: 2,
+            delta: { type: 'input_json_delta', partial_json: '1}' },
+          };
+          yield { type: 'content_block_stop', index: 2 };
+
+          yield {
+            type: 'message_delta',
+            delta: { stop_reason: 'end_turn' },
+            usage: {
+              output_tokens: 5,
+              input_tokens: 7,
+              cache_read_input_tokens: 2,
+            },
+          };
+          yield { type: 'message_stop' };
+        })(),
+      );
+
+      const generator = new AnthropicContentGenerator(
+        {
+          model: 'claude-test',
+          apiKey: 'test-key',
+          timeout: 10_000,
+          maxRetries: 2,
+          samplingParams: { max_tokens: 123 },
+          schemaCompliance: 'auto',
+        },
+        mockConfig,
+      );
+
+      const stream = await generator.generateContentStream({
+        model: 'models/ignored',
+        contents: 'Hello',
+      } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters);
+
+      const chunks: GenerateContentResponse[] = [];
+      for await (const chunk of stream) {
+        chunks.push(chunk);
+      }
+
+      const [anthropicRequest] =
+        anthropicState.lastCreateArgs as AnthropicCreateArgs;
+      expect(anthropicRequest).toEqual(
+        expect.objectContaining({ stream: true }),
+      );
+
+      // Text chunk.
+      expect(chunks[0]?.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts?.[0]).toEqual({
+        text: 'Hello',
+      });
+
+      // Thinking chunk.
+      expect(chunks[1]?.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts?.[0]).toEqual({
+        text: 'Think',
+        thought: true,
+      });
+
+      // Signature chunk.
+      expect(chunks[2]?.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts?.[0]).toEqual({
+        thought: true,
+        thoughtSignature: 'abc',
+      });
+
+      // Tool call chunk.
+      expect(chunks[3]?.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts?.[0]).toEqual({
+        functionCall: { id: 't1', name: 'tool', args: { x: 1 } },
+      });
+
+      // Usage/finish chunks exist; check the last one.
+      const last = chunks[chunks.length - 1]!;
+      expect(last.candidates?.[0]?.finishReason).toBe(FinishReason.STOP);
+      expect(last.usageMetadata).toEqual({
+        cachedContentTokenCount: 2,
+        promptTokenCount: 9, // cached(2) + input(7)
+        candidatesTokenCount: 5,
+        totalTokenCount: 14,
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/core/anthropicContentGenerator/anthropicContentGenerator.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk';
+import type {
+  CountTokensParameters,
+  CountTokensResponse,
+  EmbedContentParameters,
+  EmbedContentResponse,
+  GenerateContentParameters,
+  GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+  Part,
+} from '@google/genai';
+import { GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
+import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
+import type {
+  ContentGenerator,
+  ContentGeneratorConfig,
+} from '../contentGenerator.js';
+type Message = Anthropic.Message;
+type MessageCreateParamsNonStreaming =
+  Anthropic.MessageCreateParamsNonStreaming;
+type MessageCreateParamsStreaming = Anthropic.MessageCreateParamsStreaming;
+type RawMessageStreamEvent = Anthropic.RawMessageStreamEvent;
+import { getDefaultTokenizer } from '../../utils/request-tokenizer/index.js';
+import { safeJsonParse } from '../../utils/safeJsonParse.js';
+import { AnthropicContentConverter } from './converter.js';
+
+type StreamingBlockState = {
+  type: string;
+  id?: string;
+  name?: string;
+  inputJson: string;
+  signature: string;
+};
+
+type MessageCreateParamsWithThinking = MessageCreateParamsNonStreaming & {
+  thinking?: { type: 'enabled'; budget_tokens: number };
+  // Anthropic beta feature: output_config.effort (requires beta header effort-2025-11-24)
+  // This is not yet represented in the official SDK types we depend on.
+  output_config?: { effort: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' };
+};
+
+export class AnthropicContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
+  private client: Anthropic;
+  private converter: AnthropicContentConverter;
+
+  constructor(
+    private contentGeneratorConfig: ContentGeneratorConfig,
+    private readonly cliConfig: Config,
+  ) {
+    const defaultHeaders = this.buildHeaders();
+    const baseURL = contentGeneratorConfig.baseUrl;
+
+    this.client = new Anthropic({
+      apiKey: contentGeneratorConfig.apiKey,
+      baseURL,
+      timeout: contentGeneratorConfig.timeout,
+      maxRetries: contentGeneratorConfig.maxRetries,
+      defaultHeaders,
+    });
+
+    this.converter = new AnthropicContentConverter(
+      contentGeneratorConfig.model,
+      contentGeneratorConfig.schemaCompliance,
+    );
+  }
+
+  async generateContent(
+    request: GenerateContentParameters,
+  ): Promise<GenerateContentResponse> {
+    const anthropicRequest = await this.buildRequest(request);
+    const response = (await this.client.messages.create(anthropicRequest, {
+      signal: request.config?.abortSignal,
+    })) as Message;
+
+    return this.converter.convertAnthropicResponseToGemini(response);
+  }
+
+  async generateContentStream(
+    request: GenerateContentParameters,
+  ): Promise<AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse>> {
+    const anthropicRequest = await this.buildRequest(request);
+    const streamingRequest: MessageCreateParamsStreaming & {
+      thinking?: { type: 'enabled'; budget_tokens: number };
+    } = {
+      ...anthropicRequest,
+      stream: true,
+    };
+
+    const stream = (await this.client.messages.create(
+      streamingRequest as MessageCreateParamsStreaming,
+      {
+        signal: request.config?.abortSignal,
+      },
+    )) as AsyncIterable<RawMessageStreamEvent>;
+
+    return this.processStream(stream);
+  }
+
+  async countTokens(
+    request: CountTokensParameters,
+  ): Promise<CountTokensResponse> {
+    try {
+      const tokenizer = getDefaultTokenizer();
+      const result = await tokenizer.calculateTokens(request, {
+        textEncoding: 'cl100k_base',
+      });
+
+      return {
+        totalTokens: result.totalTokens,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn(
+        'Failed to calculate tokens with tokenizer, ' +
+          'falling back to simple method:',
+        error,
+      );
+
+      const content = JSON.stringify(request.contents);
+      const totalTokens = Math.ceil(content.length / 4);
+      return {
+        totalTokens,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async embedContent(
+    _request: EmbedContentParameters,
+  ): Promise<EmbedContentResponse> {
+    throw new Error('Anthropic does not support embeddings.');
+  }
+
+  useSummarizedThinking(): boolean {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private buildHeaders(): Record<string, string> {
+    const version = this.cliConfig.getCliVersion() || 'unknown';
+    const userAgent = `QwenCode/${version} (${process.platform}; ${process.arch})`;
+
+    const betas: string[] = [];
+    const reasoning = this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning;
+
+    // Interleaved thinking is used when we send the `thinking` field.
+    if (reasoning !== false) {
+      betas.push('interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14');
+    }
+
+    // Effort (beta) is enabled when reasoning.effort is set.
+    if (reasoning !== false && reasoning?.effort !== undefined) {
+      betas.push('effort-2025-11-24');
+    }
+
+    const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+      'User-Agent': userAgent,
+    };
+
+    if (betas.length) {
+      headers['anthropic-beta'] = betas.join(',');
+    }
+
+    return headers;
+  }
+
+  private async buildRequest(
+    request: GenerateContentParameters,
+  ): Promise<MessageCreateParamsWithThinking> {
+    const { system, messages } =
+      this.converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic(request);
+
+    const tools = request.config?.tools
+      ? await this.converter.convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(request.config.tools)
+      : undefined;
+
+    const sampling = this.buildSamplingParameters(request);
+    const thinking = this.buildThinkingConfig(request);
+    const outputConfig = this.buildOutputConfig();
+
+    return {
+      model: this.contentGeneratorConfig.model,
+      system,
+      messages,
+      tools,
+      ...sampling,
+      ...(thinking ? { thinking } : {}),
+      ...(outputConfig ? { output_config: outputConfig } : {}),
+    };
+  }
+
+  private buildSamplingParameters(request: GenerateContentParameters): {
+    max_tokens: number;
+    temperature?: number;
+    top_p?: number;
+    top_k?: number;
+  } {
+    const configSamplingParams = this.contentGeneratorConfig.samplingParams;
+    const requestConfig = request.config || {};
+
+    const getParam = <T>(
+      configKey: keyof NonNullable<typeof configSamplingParams>,
+      requestKey?: keyof NonNullable<typeof requestConfig>,
+    ): T | undefined => {
+      const configValue = configSamplingParams?.[configKey] as T | undefined;
+      const requestValue = requestKey
+        ? (requestConfig[requestKey] as T | undefined)
+        : undefined;
+      return configValue !== undefined ? configValue : requestValue;
+    };
+
+    const maxTokens =
+      getParam<number>('max_tokens', 'maxOutputTokens') ?? 10_000;
+
+    return {
+      max_tokens: maxTokens,
+      temperature: getParam<number>('temperature', 'temperature') ?? 1,
+      top_p: getParam<number>('top_p', 'topP'),
+      top_k: getParam<number>('top_k', 'topK'),
+    };
+  }
+
+  private buildThinkingConfig(
+    request: GenerateContentParameters,
+  ): { type: 'enabled'; budget_tokens: number } | undefined {
+    if (request.config?.thinkingConfig?.includeThoughts === false) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const reasoning = this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning;
+
+    if (reasoning === false) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (reasoning?.budget_tokens !== undefined) {
+      return {
+        type: 'enabled',
+        budget_tokens: reasoning.budget_tokens,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const effort = reasoning?.effort;
+    // When using interleaved thinking with tools, this budget token limit is the entire context window(200k tokens).
+    const budgetTokens =
+      effort === 'low' ? 16_000 : effort === 'high' ? 64_000 : 32_000;
+
+    return {
+      type: 'enabled',
+      budget_tokens: budgetTokens,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private buildOutputConfig():
+    | { effort: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' }
+    | undefined {
+    const reasoning = this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning;
+    if (reasoning === false || reasoning === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (reasoning.effort === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    return { effort: reasoning.effort };
+  }
+
+  private async *processStream(
+    stream: AsyncIterable<RawMessageStreamEvent>,
+  ): AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse> {
+    let messageId: string | undefined;
+    let model = this.contentGeneratorConfig.model;
+    let cachedTokens = 0;
+    let promptTokens = 0;
+    let completionTokens = 0;
+    let finishReason: string | undefined;
+
+    const blocks = new Map<number, StreamingBlockState>();
+    const collectedResponses: GenerateContentResponse[] = [];
+
+    for await (const event of stream) {
+      switch (event.type) {
+        case 'message_start': {
+          messageId = event.message.id ?? messageId;
+          model = event.message.model ?? model;
+          cachedTokens =
+            event.message.usage?.cache_read_input_tokens ?? cachedTokens;
+          promptTokens = event.message.usage?.input_tokens ?? promptTokens;
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'content_block_start': {
+          const index = event.index ?? 0;
+          const type = String(event.content_block.type || 'text');
+          const initialInput =
+            type === 'tool_use' && 'input' in event.content_block
+              ? JSON.stringify(event.content_block.input)
+              : '';
+          blocks.set(index, {
+            type,
+            id:
+              'id' in event.content_block ? event.content_block.id : undefined,
+            name:
+              'name' in event.content_block
+                ? event.content_block.name
+                : undefined,
+            inputJson: initialInput !== '{}' ? initialInput : '',
+            signature:
+              type === 'thinking' &&
+              'signature' in event.content_block &&
+              typeof event.content_block.signature === 'string'
+                ? event.content_block.signature
+                : '',
+          });
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'content_block_delta': {
+          const index = event.index ?? 0;
+          const deltaType = (event.delta as { type?: string }).type || '';
+          const blockState = blocks.get(index);
+
+          if (deltaType === 'text_delta') {
+            const text = 'text' in event.delta ? event.delta.text : '';
+            if (text) {
+              const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk({ text }, messageId, model);
+              collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+              yield chunk;
+            }
+          } else if (deltaType === 'thinking_delta') {
+            const thinking =
+              (event.delta as { thinking?: string }).thinking || '';
+            if (thinking) {
+              const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk(
+                { text: thinking, thought: true },
+                messageId,
+                model,
+              );
+              collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+              yield chunk;
+            }
+          } else if (deltaType === 'signature_delta' && blockState) {
+            const signature =
+              (event.delta as { signature?: string }).signature || '';
+            if (signature) {
+              blockState.signature += signature;
+              const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk(
+                { thought: true, thoughtSignature: signature },
+                messageId,
+                model,
+              );
+              collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+              yield chunk;
+            }
+          } else if (deltaType === 'input_json_delta' && blockState) {
+            const jsonDelta =
+              (event.delta as { partial_json?: string }).partial_json || '';
+            if (jsonDelta) {
+              blockState.inputJson += jsonDelta;
+            }
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'content_block_stop': {
+          const index = event.index ?? 0;
+          const blockState = blocks.get(index);
+          if (blockState?.type === 'tool_use') {
+            const args = safeJsonParse(blockState.inputJson || '{}', {});
+            const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk(
+              {
+                functionCall: {
+                  id: blockState.id,
+                  name: blockState.name,
+                  args,
+                },
+              },
+              messageId,
+              model,
+            );
+            collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+            yield chunk;
+          }
+          blocks.delete(index);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'message_delta': {
+          const stopReasonValue = event.delta.stop_reason;
+          if (stopReasonValue) {
+            finishReason = stopReasonValue;
+          }
+
+          // Some Anthropic-compatible providers may include additional usage fields
+          // (e.g. `input_tokens`, `cache_read_input_tokens`) even though the official
+          // Anthropic SDK types only expose `output_tokens` here.
+          const usageUnknown = event.usage as unknown;
+          const usageRecord =
+            usageUnknown && typeof usageUnknown === 'object'
+              ? (usageUnknown as Record<string, unknown>)
+              : undefined;
+
+          if (event.usage?.output_tokens !== undefined) {
+            completionTokens = event.usage.output_tokens;
+          }
+          if (usageRecord?.['input_tokens'] !== undefined) {
+            const inputTokens = usageRecord['input_tokens'];
+            if (typeof inputTokens === 'number') {
+              promptTokens = inputTokens;
+            }
+          }
+          if (usageRecord?.['cache_read_input_tokens'] !== undefined) {
+            const cacheRead = usageRecord['cache_read_input_tokens'];
+            if (typeof cacheRead === 'number') {
+              cachedTokens = cacheRead;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (finishReason || event.usage) {
+            const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk(
+              undefined,
+              messageId,
+              model,
+              finishReason,
+              {
+                cachedContentTokenCount: cachedTokens,
+                promptTokenCount: cachedTokens + promptTokens,
+                candidatesTokenCount: completionTokens,
+                totalTokenCount: cachedTokens + promptTokens + completionTokens,
+              },
+            );
+            collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+            yield chunk;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'message_stop': {
+          if (promptTokens || completionTokens) {
+            const chunk = this.buildGeminiChunk(
+              undefined,
+              messageId,
+              model,
+              finishReason,
+              {
+                cachedContentTokenCount: cachedTokens,
+                promptTokenCount: cachedTokens + promptTokens,
+                candidatesTokenCount: completionTokens,
+                totalTokenCount: cachedTokens + promptTokens + completionTokens,
+              },
+            );
+            collectedResponses.push(chunk);
+            yield chunk;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private buildGeminiChunk(
+    part?: {
+      text?: string;
+      thought?: boolean;
+      thoughtSignature?: string;
+      functionCall?: unknown;
+    },
+    responseId?: string,
+    model?: string,
+    finishReason?: string,
+    usageMetadata?: GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+  ): GenerateContentResponse {
+    const response = new GenerateContentResponse();
+    response.responseId = responseId;
+    response.createTime = Date.now().toString();
+    response.modelVersion = model || this.contentGeneratorConfig.model;
+    response.promptFeedback = { safetyRatings: [] };
+
+    const candidateParts = part ? [part as unknown as Part] : [];
+    const mappedFinishReason =
+      finishReason !== undefined
+        ? this.converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini(finishReason)
+        : undefined;
+    response.candidates = [
+      {
+        content: {
+          parts: candidateParts,
+          role: 'model' as const,
+        },
+        index: 0,
+        safetyRatings: [],
+        ...(mappedFinishReason ? { finishReason: mappedFinishReason } : {}),
+      },
+    ];
+
+    if (usageMetadata) {
+      response.usageMetadata = usageMetadata;
+    }
+
+    return response;
+  }
+}

packages/core/src/core/anthropicContentGenerator/converter.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type { CallableTool, Content, Tool } from '@google/genai';
+import { FinishReason } from '@google/genai';
+import type Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk';
+
+// Mock schema conversion so we can force edge-cases (e.g. missing `type`).
+vi.mock('../../utils/schemaConverter.js', () => ({
+  convertSchema: vi.fn((schema: unknown) => schema),
+}));
+
+import { convertSchema } from '../../utils/schemaConverter.js';
+import { AnthropicContentConverter } from './converter.js';
+
+describe('AnthropicContentConverter', () => {
+  let converter: AnthropicContentConverter;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    converter = new AnthropicContentConverter('test-model', 'auto');
+  });
+
+  describe('convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic', () => {
+    it('extracts systemInstruction text from string', () => {
+      const { system } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: 'hi',
+        config: { systemInstruction: 'sys' },
+      });
+
+      expect(system).toBe('sys');
+    });
+
+    it('extracts systemInstruction text from parts and joins with newlines', () => {
+      const { system } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: 'hi',
+        config: {
+          systemInstruction: {
+            role: 'system',
+            parts: [{ text: 'a' }, { text: 'b' }],
+          } as unknown as Content,
+        },
+      });
+
+      expect(system).toBe('a\nb');
+    });
+
+    it('converts a plain string content into a user message', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: 'Hello',
+      });
+
+      expect(messages).toEqual([
+        { role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Hello' }] },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('converts user content parts into a user message with text blocks', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: [
+          {
+            role: 'user',
+            parts: [{ text: 'Hello' }, { text: 'World' }],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(messages).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [
+            { type: 'text', text: 'Hello' },
+            { type: 'text', text: 'World' },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('converts assistant thought parts into Anthropic thinking blocks', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: [
+          {
+            role: 'model',
+            parts: [
+              { text: 'internal', thought: true, thoughtSignature: 'sig' },
+              { text: 'visible' },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(messages).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'assistant',
+          content: [
+            { type: 'thinking', thinking: 'internal', signature: 'sig' },
+            { type: 'text', text: 'visible' },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('converts functionCall parts from model role into tool_use blocks', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: [
+          {
+            role: 'model',
+            parts: [
+              { text: 'preface' },
+              {
+                functionCall: {
+                  id: 'call-1',
+                  name: 'tool_name',
+                  args: { a: 1 },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(messages).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'assistant',
+          content: [
+            { type: 'text', text: 'preface' },
+            {
+              type: 'tool_use',
+              id: 'call-1',
+              name: 'tool_name',
+              input: { a: 1 },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('converts functionResponse parts into user tool_result messages', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: [
+          {
+            role: 'user',
+            parts: [
+              {
+                functionResponse: {
+                  id: 'call-1',
+                  name: 'tool_name',
+                  response: { output: 'ok' },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(messages).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [
+            {
+              type: 'tool_result',
+              tool_use_id: 'call-1',
+              content: 'ok',
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('extracts function response error field when present', () => {
+      const { messages } = converter.convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic({
+        model: 'models/test',
+        contents: [
+          {
+            role: 'user',
+            parts: [
+              {
+                functionResponse: {
+                  id: 'call-1',
+                  name: 'tool_name',
+                  response: { error: 'boom' },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(messages[0]).toEqual({
+        role: 'user',
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: 'tool_result',
+            tool_use_id: 'call-1',
+            content: 'boom',
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic', () => {
+    it('converts Tool.functionDeclarations to Anthropic tools and runs schema conversion', async () => {
+      const tools = [
+        {
+          functionDeclarations: [
+            {
+              name: 'get_weather',
+              description: 'Get weather',
+              parametersJsonSchema: {
+                type: 'object',
+                properties: { location: { type: 'string' } },
+                required: ['location'],
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ] as Tool[];
+
+      const result = await converter.convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(tools);
+
+      expect(result).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result[0]).toEqual({
+        name: 'get_weather',
+        description: 'Get weather',
+        input_schema: {
+          type: 'object',
+          properties: { location: { type: 'string' } },
+          required: ['location'],
+        },
+      });
+
+      expect(vi.mocked(convertSchema)).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('resolves CallableTool.tool() and converts its functionDeclarations', async () => {
+      const callable = [
+        {
+          tool: async () =>
+            ({
+              functionDeclarations: [
+                {
+                  name: 'dynamic_tool',
+                  description: 'resolved tool',
+                  parametersJsonSchema: { type: 'object', properties: {} },
+                },
+              ],
+            }) as unknown as Tool,
+        },
+      ] as CallableTool[];
+
+      const result = await converter.convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(callable);
+
+      expect(result).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result[0].name).toBe('dynamic_tool');
+    });
+
+    it('defaults missing parameters to an empty object schema', async () => {
+      const tools = [
+        {
+          functionDeclarations: [
+            { name: 'no_params', description: 'no params' },
+          ],
+        },
+      ] as Tool[];
+
+      const result = await converter.convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(tools);
+
+      expect(result).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result[0]).toEqual({
+        name: 'no_params',
+        description: 'no params',
+        input_schema: { type: 'object', properties: {} },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('forces input_schema.type to "object" when schema conversion yields no type', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(convertSchema).mockImplementationOnce(() => ({
+        properties: {},
+      }));
+      const tools = [
+        {
+          functionDeclarations: [
+            {
+              name: 'edge',
+              description: 'edge',
+              parametersJsonSchema: { type: 'object', properties: {} },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ] as Tool[];
+
+      const result = await converter.convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(tools);
+      expect(result[0]?.input_schema?.type).toBe('object');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('convertAnthropicResponseToGemini', () => {
+    it('converts text, tool_use, thinking, and redacted_thinking blocks', () => {
+      const response = converter.convertAnthropicResponseToGemini({
+        id: 'msg-1',
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        stop_reason: 'end_turn',
+        content: [
+          { type: 'thinking', thinking: 'thought', signature: 'sig' },
+          { type: 'text', text: 'hello' },
+          { type: 'tool_use', id: 't1', name: 'tool', input: { x: 1 } },
+          { type: 'redacted_thinking' },
+        ],
+        usage: { input_tokens: 3, output_tokens: 5 },
+      } as unknown as Anthropic.Message);
+
+      expect(response.responseId).toBe('msg-1');
+      expect(response.modelVersion).toBe('claude-test');
+      expect(response.candidates?.[0]?.finishReason).toBe(FinishReason.STOP);
+      expect(response.usageMetadata).toEqual({
+        promptTokenCount: 3,
+        candidatesTokenCount: 5,
+        totalTokenCount: 8,
+      });
+
+      const parts = response.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts || [];
+      expect(parts).toEqual([
+        { text: 'thought', thought: true, thoughtSignature: 'sig' },
+        { text: 'hello' },
+        { functionCall: { id: 't1', name: 'tool', args: { x: 1 } } },
+        { text: '', thought: true },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('handles tool_use input that is a JSON string', () => {
+      const response = converter.convertAnthropicResponseToGemini({
+        id: 'msg-1',
+        model: 'claude-test',
+        stop_reason: null,
+        content: [
+          { type: 'tool_use', id: 't1', name: 'tool', input: '{"x":1}' },
+        ],
+      } as unknown as Anthropic.Message);
+
+      const parts = response.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts || [];
+      expect(parts).toEqual([
+        { functionCall: { id: 't1', name: 'tool', args: { x: 1 } } },
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini', () => {
+    it('maps known reasons', () => {
+      expect(converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini('end_turn')).toBe(
+        FinishReason.STOP,
+      );
+      expect(converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini('max_tokens')).toBe(
+        FinishReason.MAX_TOKENS,
+      );
+      expect(converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini('content_filter')).toBe(
+        FinishReason.SAFETY,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined for null/empty', () => {
+      expect(converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini(null)).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(converter.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini('')).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/core/anthropicContentGenerator/converter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import type {
+  Candidate,
+  CallableTool,
+  Content,
+  ContentListUnion,
+  ContentUnion,
+  FunctionCall,
+  FunctionResponse,
+  GenerateContentParameters,
+  Part,
+  PartUnion,
+  Tool,
+  ToolListUnion,
+} from '@google/genai';
+import { FinishReason, GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
+import type Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk';
+import { safeJsonParse } from '../../utils/safeJsonParse.js';
+import {
+  convertSchema,
+  type SchemaComplianceMode,
+} from '../../utils/schemaConverter.js';
+
+type AnthropicMessageParam = Anthropic.MessageParam;
+type AnthropicToolParam = Anthropic.Tool;
+type AnthropicContentBlockParam = Anthropic.ContentBlockParam;
+
+type ThoughtPart = { text: string; signature?: string };
+
+interface ParsedParts {
+  thoughtParts: ThoughtPart[];
+  contentParts: string[];
+  functionCalls: FunctionCall[];
+  functionResponses: FunctionResponse[];
+}
+
+export class AnthropicContentConverter {
+  private model: string;
+  private schemaCompliance: SchemaComplianceMode;
+
+  constructor(model: string, schemaCompliance: SchemaComplianceMode = 'auto') {
+    this.model = model;
+    this.schemaCompliance = schemaCompliance;
+  }
+
+  convertGeminiRequestToAnthropic(request: GenerateContentParameters): {
+    system?: string;
+    messages: AnthropicMessageParam[];
+  } {
+    const messages: AnthropicMessageParam[] = [];
+
+    const system = this.extractTextFromContentUnion(
+      request.config?.systemInstruction,
+    );
+
+    this.processContents(request.contents, messages);
+
+    return {
+      system: system || undefined,
+      messages,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async convertGeminiToolsToAnthropic(
+    geminiTools: ToolListUnion,
+  ): Promise<AnthropicToolParam[]> {
+    const tools: AnthropicToolParam[] = [];
+
+    for (const tool of geminiTools) {
+      let actualTool: Tool;
+
+      if ('tool' in tool) {
+        actualTool = await (tool as CallableTool).tool();
+      } else {
+        actualTool = tool as Tool;
+      }
+
+      if (!actualTool.functionDeclarations) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      for (const func of actualTool.functionDeclarations) {
+        if (!func.name) continue;
+
+        let inputSchema: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+        if (func.parametersJsonSchema) {
+          inputSchema = {
+            ...(func.parametersJsonSchema as Record<string, unknown>),
+          };
+        } else if (func.parameters) {
+          inputSchema = func.parameters as Record<string, unknown>;
+        }
+
+        if (!inputSchema) {
+          inputSchema = { type: 'object', properties: {} };
+        }
+
+        inputSchema = convertSchema(inputSchema, this.schemaCompliance);
+        if (typeof inputSchema['type'] !== 'string') {
+          inputSchema['type'] = 'object';
+        }
+
+        tools.push({
+          name: func.name,
+          description: func.description,
+          input_schema: inputSchema as Anthropic.Tool.InputSchema,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    return tools;
+  }
+
+  convertAnthropicResponseToGemini(
+    response: Anthropic.Message,
+  ): GenerateContentResponse {
+    const geminiResponse = new GenerateContentResponse();
+    const parts: Part[] = [];
+
+    for (const block of response.content || []) {
+      const blockType = String((block as { type?: string })['type'] || '');
+      if (blockType === 'text') {
+        const text =
+          typeof (block as { text?: string }).text === 'string'
+            ? (block as { text?: string }).text
+            : '';
+        if (text) {
+          parts.push({ text });
+        }
+      } else if (blockType === 'tool_use') {
+        const toolUse = block as {
+          id?: string;
+          name?: string;
+          input?: unknown;
+        };
+        parts.push({
+          functionCall: {
+            id: typeof toolUse.id === 'string' ? toolUse.id : undefined,
+            name: typeof toolUse.name === 'string' ? toolUse.name : undefined,
+            args: this.safeInputToArgs(toolUse.input),
+          },
+        });
+      } else if (blockType === 'thinking') {
+        const thinking =
+          typeof (block as { thinking?: string }).thinking === 'string'
+            ? (block as { thinking?: string }).thinking
+            : '';
+        const signature =
+          typeof (block as { signature?: string }).signature === 'string'
+            ? (block as { signature?: string }).signature
+            : '';
+        if (thinking || signature) {
+          const thoughtPart: Part = {
+            text: thinking,
+            thought: true,
+            thoughtSignature: signature,
+          };
+          parts.push(thoughtPart);
+        }
+      } else if (blockType === 'redacted_thinking') {
+        parts.push({ text: '', thought: true });
+      }
+    }
+
+    const candidate: Candidate = {
+      content: {
+        parts,
+        role: 'model' as const,
+      },
+      index: 0,
+      safetyRatings: [],
+    };
+
+    const finishReason = this.mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini(
+      response.stop_reason,
+    );
+    if (finishReason) {
+      candidate.finishReason = finishReason;
+    }
+
+    geminiResponse.candidates = [candidate];
+    geminiResponse.responseId = response.id;
+    geminiResponse.createTime = Date.now().toString();
+    geminiResponse.modelVersion = response.model || this.model;
+    geminiResponse.promptFeedback = { safetyRatings: [] };
+
+    if (response.usage) {
+      const promptTokens = response.usage.input_tokens || 0;
+      const completionTokens = response.usage.output_tokens || 0;
+      geminiResponse.usageMetadata = {
+        promptTokenCount: promptTokens,
+        candidatesTokenCount: completionTokens,
+        totalTokenCount: promptTokens + completionTokens,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return geminiResponse;
+  }
+
+  private processContents(
+    contents: ContentListUnion,
+    messages: AnthropicMessageParam[],
+  ): void {
+    if (Array.isArray(contents)) {
+      for (const content of contents) {
+        this.processContent(content, messages);
+      }
+    } else if (contents) {
+      this.processContent(contents, messages);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private processContent(
+    content: ContentUnion | PartUnion,
+    messages: AnthropicMessageParam[],
+  ): void {
+    if (typeof content === 'string') {
+      messages.push({
+        role: 'user',
+        content: [{ type: 'text', text: content }],
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!this.isContentObject(content)) return;
+
+    const parsed = this.parseParts(content.parts || []);
+
+    if (parsed.functionResponses.length > 0) {
+      for (const response of parsed.functionResponses) {
+        messages.push({
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [
+            {
+              type: 'tool_result',
+              tool_use_id: response.id || '',
+              content: this.extractFunctionResponseContent(response.response),
+            },
+          ],
+        });
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (content.role === 'model' && parsed.functionCalls.length > 0) {
+      const thinkingBlocks: AnthropicContentBlockParam[] =
+        parsed.thoughtParts.map((part) => {
+          const thinkingBlock: unknown = {
+            type: 'thinking',
+            thinking: part.text,
+          };
+          if (part.signature) {
+            (thinkingBlock as { signature?: string }).signature =
+              part.signature;
+          }
+          return thinkingBlock as AnthropicContentBlockParam;
+        });
+      const toolUses: AnthropicContentBlockParam[] = parsed.functionCalls.map(
+        (call, index) => ({
+          type: 'tool_use',
+          id: call.id || `tool_${index}`,
+          name: call.name || '',
+          input: (call.args as Record<string, unknown>) || {},
+        }),
+      );
+
+      const textBlocks: AnthropicContentBlockParam[] = parsed.contentParts.map(
+        (text) => ({
+          type: 'text' as const,
+          text,
+        }),
+      );
+
+      messages.push({
+        role: 'assistant',
+        content: [...thinkingBlocks, ...textBlocks, ...toolUses],
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const role = content.role === 'model' ? 'assistant' : 'user';
+    const thinkingBlocks: AnthropicContentBlockParam[] =
+      role === 'assistant'
+        ? parsed.thoughtParts.map((part) => {
+            const thinkingBlock: unknown = {
+              type: 'thinking',
+              thinking: part.text,
+            };
+            if (part.signature) {
+              (thinkingBlock as { signature?: string }).signature =
+                part.signature;
+            }
+            return thinkingBlock as AnthropicContentBlockParam;
+          })
+        : [];
+    const textBlocks: AnthropicContentBlockParam[] = [
+      ...thinkingBlocks,
+      ...parsed.contentParts.map((text) => ({
+        type: 'text' as const,
+        text,
+      })),
+    ];
+    if (textBlocks.length > 0) {
+      messages.push({ role, content: textBlocks });
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseParts(parts: Part[]): ParsedParts {
+    const thoughtParts: ThoughtPart[] = [];
+    const contentParts: string[] = [];
+    const functionCalls: FunctionCall[] = [];
+    const functionResponses: FunctionResponse[] = [];
+
+    for (const part of parts) {
+      if (typeof part === 'string') {
+        contentParts.push(part);
+      } else if (
+        'text' in part &&
+        part.text &&
+        !('thought' in part && part.thought)
+      ) {
+        contentParts.push(part.text);
+      } else if ('text' in part && 'thought' in part && part.thought) {
+        thoughtParts.push({
+          text: part.text || '',
+          signature:
+            'thoughtSignature' in part &&
+            typeof part.thoughtSignature === 'string'
+              ? part.thoughtSignature
+              : undefined,
+        });
+      } else if ('functionCall' in part && part.functionCall) {
+        functionCalls.push(part.functionCall);
+      } else if ('functionResponse' in part && part.functionResponse) {
+        functionResponses.push(part.functionResponse);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      thoughtParts,
+      contentParts,
+      functionCalls,
+      functionResponses,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private extractTextFromContentUnion(contentUnion: unknown): string {
+    if (typeof contentUnion === 'string') {
+      return contentUnion;
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(contentUnion)) {
+      return contentUnion
+        .map((item) => this.extractTextFromContentUnion(item))
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .join('\n');
+    }
+
+    if (typeof contentUnion === 'object' && contentUnion !== null) {
+      if ('parts' in contentUnion) {
+        const content = contentUnion as Content;
+        return (
+          content.parts
+            ?.map((part: Part) => {
+              if (typeof part === 'string') return part;
+              if ('text' in part) return part.text || '';
+              return '';
+            })
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .join('\n') || ''
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  private extractFunctionResponseContent(response: unknown): string {
+    if (response === null || response === undefined) {
+      return '';
+    }
+
+    if (typeof response === 'string') {
+      return response;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof response === 'object') {
+      const responseObject = response as Record<string, unknown>;
+      const output = responseObject['output'];
+      if (typeof output === 'string') {
+        return output;
+      }
+
+      const error = responseObject['error'];
+      if (typeof error === 'string') {
+        return error;
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const serialized = JSON.stringify(response);
+      return serialized ?? String(response);
+    } catch {
+      return String(response);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private safeInputToArgs(input: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
+      return input as Record<string, unknown>;
+    }
+    if (typeof input === 'string') {
+      return safeJsonParse(input, {});
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  mapAnthropicFinishReasonToGemini(
+    reason?: string | null,
+  ): FinishReason | undefined {
+    if (!reason) return undefined;
+    const mapping: Record<string, FinishReason> = {
+      end_turn: FinishReason.STOP,
+      stop_sequence: FinishReason.STOP,
+      tool_use: FinishReason.STOP,
+      max_tokens: FinishReason.MAX_TOKENS,
+      content_filter: FinishReason.SAFETY,
+    };
+    return mapping[reason] || FinishReason.FINISH_REASON_UNSPECIFIED;
+  }
+
+  private isContentObject(
+    content: unknown,
+  ): content is { role: string; parts: Part[] } {
+    return (
+      typeof content === 'object' &&
+      content !== null &&
+      'role' in content &&
+      'parts' in content &&
+      Array.isArray((content as Record<string, unknown>)['parts'])
+    );
+  }
+}

packages/core/src/core/anthropicContentGenerator/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ContentGenerator,
+  ContentGeneratorConfig,
+} from '../contentGenerator.js';
+import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
+import { AnthropicContentGenerator } from './anthropicContentGenerator.js';
+
+export { AnthropicContentGenerator } from './anthropicContentGenerator.js';
+
+export function createAnthropicContentGenerator(
+  contentGeneratorConfig: ContentGeneratorConfig,
+  cliConfig: Config,
+): ContentGenerator {
+  return new AnthropicContentGenerator(contentGeneratorConfig, cliConfig);
+}

packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.test.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
 import { createContentGenerator, AuthType } from './contentGenerator.js';
 import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai';
 import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
-import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './geminiContentGenerator/loggingContentGenerator.js';
+import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator/index.js';
 
 vi.mock('@google/genai');
 

packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type {
 } from '@google/genai';
 import { DEFAULT_QWEN_MODEL } from '../config/models.js';
 import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
+import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Interface abstracting the core functionalities for generating content and counting tokens.
@@ -37,10 +38,11 @@ export interface ContentGenerator {
 }
 
 export enum AuthType {
-  USE_GEMINI = 'gemini-api-key',
-  USE_VERTEX_AI = 'vertex-ai',
   USE_OPENAI = 'openai',
   QWEN_OAUTH = 'qwen-oauth',
+  USE_GEMINI = 'gemini',
+  USE_VERTEX_AI = 'vertex-ai',
+  USE_ANTHROPIC = 'anthropic',
 }
 
 export type ContentGeneratorConfig = {
@@ -63,9 +65,12 @@ export type ContentGeneratorConfig = {
     temperature?: number;
     max_tokens?: number;
   };
-  reasoning?: {
-    effort?: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high';
-  };
+  reasoning?:
+    | false
+    | {
+        effort?: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high';
+        budget_tokens?: number;
+      };
   proxy?: string | undefined;
   userAgent?: string;
   // Schema compliance mode for tool definitions
@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ export function createContentGeneratorConfig(
   authType: AuthType | undefined,
   generationConfig?: Partial<ContentGeneratorConfig>,
 ): ContentGeneratorConfig {
-  const newContentGeneratorConfig: Partial<ContentGeneratorConfig> = {
+  let newContentGeneratorConfig: Partial<ContentGeneratorConfig> = {
     ...(generationConfig || {}),
     authType,
     proxy: config?.getProxy(),
@@ -94,8 +99,16 @@ export function createContentGeneratorConfig(
   }
 
   if (authType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI) {
+    newContentGeneratorConfig = {
+      ...newContentGeneratorConfig,
+      apiKey: newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey || process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY'],
+      baseUrl:
+        newContentGeneratorConfig.baseUrl || process.env['OPENAI_BASE_URL'],
+      model: newContentGeneratorConfig.model || process.env['OPENAI_MODEL'],
+    };
+
     if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey) {
-      throw new Error('OpenAI API key is required');
+      throw new Error('OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
     }
 
     return {
@@ -104,10 +117,62 @@ export function createContentGeneratorConfig(
     } as ContentGeneratorConfig;
   }
 
-  return {
-    ...newContentGeneratorConfig,
-    model: newContentGeneratorConfig?.model || DEFAULT_QWEN_MODEL,
-  } as ContentGeneratorConfig;
+  if (authType === AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC) {
+    newContentGeneratorConfig = {
+      ...newContentGeneratorConfig,
+      apiKey:
+        newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey || process.env['ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'],
+      baseUrl:
+        newContentGeneratorConfig.baseUrl || process.env['ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL'],
+      model: newContentGeneratorConfig.model || process.env['ANTHROPIC_MODEL'],
+    };
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey) {
+      throw new Error('ANTHROPIC_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
+    }
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.baseUrl) {
+      throw new Error('ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL environment variable not found.');
+    }
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.model) {
+      throw new Error('ANTHROPIC_MODEL environment variable not found.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (authType === AuthType.USE_GEMINI) {
+    newContentGeneratorConfig = {
+      ...newContentGeneratorConfig,
+      apiKey: newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey || process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY'],
+      model: newContentGeneratorConfig.model || process.env['GEMINI_MODEL'],
+    };
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey) {
+      throw new Error('GEMINI_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
+    }
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.model) {
+      throw new Error('GEMINI_MODEL environment variable not found.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (authType === AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI) {
+    newContentGeneratorConfig = {
+      ...newContentGeneratorConfig,
+      apiKey: newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey || process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'],
+      model: newContentGeneratorConfig.model || process.env['GOOGLE_MODEL'],
+    };
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.apiKey) {
+      throw new Error('GOOGLE_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
+    }
+
+    if (!newContentGeneratorConfig.model) {
+      throw new Error('GOOGLE_MODEL environment variable not found.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return newContentGeneratorConfig as ContentGeneratorConfig;
 }
 
 export async function createContentGenerator(
@@ -115,19 +180,9 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
   gcConfig: Config,
   isInitialAuth?: boolean,
 ): Promise<ContentGenerator> {
-  if (
-    config.authType === AuthType.USE_GEMINI ||
-    config.authType === AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI
-  ) {
-    const { createGeminiContentGenerator } = await import(
-      './geminiContentGenerator/index.js'
-    );
-    return createGeminiContentGenerator(config, gcConfig);
-  }
-
   if (config.authType === AuthType.USE_OPENAI) {
     if (!config.apiKey) {
-      throw new Error('OpenAI API key is required');
+      throw new Error('OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
     }
 
     // Import OpenAIContentGenerator dynamically to avoid circular dependencies
@@ -136,7 +191,8 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
     );
 
     // Always use OpenAIContentGenerator, logging is controlled by enableOpenAILogging flag
-    return createOpenAIContentGenerator(config, gcConfig);
+    const generator = createOpenAIContentGenerator(config, gcConfig);
+    return new LoggingContentGenerator(generator, gcConfig);
   }
 
   if (config.authType === AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH) {
@@ -157,7 +213,8 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
       );
 
       // Create the content generator with dynamic token management
-      return new QwenContentGenerator(qwenClient, config, gcConfig);
+      const generator = new QwenContentGenerator(qwenClient, config, gcConfig);
+      return new LoggingContentGenerator(generator, gcConfig);
     } catch (error) {
       throw new Error(
         `${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`,
@@ -165,6 +222,30 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
     }
   }
 
+  if (config.authType === AuthType.USE_ANTHROPIC) {
+    if (!config.apiKey) {
+      throw new Error('ANTHROPIC_API_KEY environment variable not found.');
+    }
+
+    const { createAnthropicContentGenerator } = await import(
+      './anthropicContentGenerator/index.js'
+    );
+
+    const generator = createAnthropicContentGenerator(config, gcConfig);
+    return new LoggingContentGenerator(generator, gcConfig);
+  }
+
+  if (
+    config.authType === AuthType.USE_GEMINI ||
+    config.authType === AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI
+  ) {
+    const { createGeminiContentGenerator } = await import(
+      './geminiContentGenerator/index.js'
+    );
+    const generator = createGeminiContentGenerator(config, gcConfig);
+    return new LoggingContentGenerator(generator, gcConfig);
+  }
+
   throw new Error(
     `Error creating contentGenerator: Unsupported authType: ${config.authType}`,
   );

packages/core/src/core/geminiChat.test.ts

@@ -720,66 +720,6 @@ describe('GeminiChat', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle summarized thinking by conditionally including thoughts in history', async () => {
-      // Case 1: useSummarizedThinking is true -> thoughts NOT in history
-      vi.mocked(mockContentGenerator.useSummarizedThinking).mockReturnValue(
-        true,
-      );
-      const stream1 = (async function* () {
-        yield {
-          candidates: [
-            {
-              content: {
-                role: 'model',
-                parts: [{ thought: true, text: 'T1' }, { text: 'A1' }],
-              },
-              finishReason: 'STOP',
-            },
-          ],
-        } as unknown as GenerateContentResponse;
-      })();
-      vi.mocked(mockContentGenerator.generateContentStream).mockResolvedValue(
-        stream1,
-      );
-
-      const res1 = await chat.sendMessageStream('m1', { message: 'h1' }, 'p1');
-      for await (const _ of res1);
-
-      const history1 = chat.getHistory();
-      expect(history1[1].parts).toEqual([{ text: 'A1' }]);
-
-      // Case 2: useSummarizedThinking is false -> thoughts ARE in history
-      chat.clearHistory();
-      vi.mocked(mockContentGenerator.useSummarizedThinking).mockReturnValue(
-        false,
-      );
-      const stream2 = (async function* () {
-        yield {
-          candidates: [
-            {
-              content: {
-                role: 'model',
-                parts: [{ thought: true, text: 'T2' }, { text: 'A2' }],
-              },
-              finishReason: 'STOP',
-            },
-          ],
-        } as unknown as GenerateContentResponse;
-      })();
-      vi.mocked(mockContentGenerator.generateContentStream).mockResolvedValue(
-        stream2,
-      );
-
-      const res2 = await chat.sendMessageStream('m1', { message: 'h1' }, 'p2');
-      for await (const _ of res2);
-
-      const history2 = chat.getHistory();
-      expect(history2[1].parts).toEqual([
-        { text: 'T2', thought: true },
-        { text: 'A2' },
-      ]);
-    });
-
     it('should keep parts with thoughtSignature when consolidating history', async () => {
       const stream = (async function* () {
         yield {

packages/core/src/core/geminiChat.ts

@@ -559,14 +559,25 @@ export class GeminiChat {
       yield chunk; // Yield every chunk to the UI immediately.
     }
 
-    let thoughtText = '';
-    // Only include thoughts if not using summarized thinking.
-    if (!this.config.getContentGenerator().useSummarizedThinking()) {
-      thoughtText = allModelParts
-        .filter((part) => part.thought)
-        .map((part) => part.text)
-        .join('')
-        .trim();
+    let thoughtContentPart: Part | undefined;
+    const thoughtText = allModelParts
+      .filter((part) => part.thought)
+      .map((part) => part.text)
+      .join('')
+      .trim();
+
+    if (thoughtText !== '') {
+      thoughtContentPart = {
+        text: thoughtText,
+        thought: true,
+      };
+
+      const thoughtSignature = allModelParts.filter(
+        (part) => part.thoughtSignature && part.thought,
+      )?.[0]?.thoughtSignature;
+      if (thoughtContentPart && thoughtSignature) {
+        thoughtContentPart.thoughtSignature = thoughtSignature;
+      }
     }
 
     const contentParts = allModelParts.filter((part) => !part.thought);
@@ -592,11 +603,11 @@ export class GeminiChat {
       .trim();
 
     // Record assistant turn with raw Content and metadata
-    if (thoughtText || contentText || hasToolCall || usageMetadata) {
+    if (thoughtContentPart || contentText || hasToolCall || usageMetadata) {
       this.chatRecordingService?.recordAssistantTurn({
         model,
         message: [
-          ...(thoughtText ? [{ text: thoughtText, thought: true }] : []),
+          ...(thoughtContentPart ? [thoughtContentPart] : []),
           ...(contentText ? [{ text: contentText }] : []),
           ...(hasToolCall
             ? contentParts
@@ -632,7 +643,7 @@ export class GeminiChat {
     this.history.push({
       role: 'model',
       parts: [
-        ...(thoughtText ? [{ text: thoughtText, thought: true }] : []),
+        ...(thoughtContentPart ? [thoughtContentPart] : []),
         ...consolidatedHistoryParts,
       ],
     });

packages/core/src/core/geminiContentGenerator/geminiContentGenerator.ts

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export class GeminiContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
     this.contentGeneratorConfig = contentGeneratorConfig;
   }
 
-  private buildSamplingParameters(
+  private buildGenerateContentConfig(
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
   ): GenerateContentConfig {
     const configSamplingParams = this.contentGeneratorConfig?.samplingParams;
@@ -84,17 +84,7 @@ export class GeminiContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
         'frequencyPenalty',
       ),
       thinkingConfig: getParameterValue(
-        this.contentGeneratorConfig?.reasoning
-          ? {
-              includeThoughts: true,
-              thinkingLevel: (this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning.effort ===
-              'low'
-                ? 'LOW'
-                : this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning.effort === 'high'
-                  ? 'HIGH'
-                  : 'THINKING_LEVEL_UNSPECIFIED') as ThinkingLevel,
-            }
-          : undefined,
+        this.buildThinkingConfig(),
         'thinkingConfig',
         {
           includeThoughts: true,
@@ -104,13 +94,40 @@ export class GeminiContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
     };
   }
 
+  private buildThinkingConfig():
+    | { includeThoughts: boolean; thinkingLevel?: ThinkingLevel }
+    | undefined {
+    const reasoning = this.contentGeneratorConfig?.reasoning;
+
+    if (reasoning === false) {
+      return { includeThoughts: false };
+    }
+
+    if (reasoning) {
+      const thinkingLevel = (
+        reasoning.effort === 'low'
+          ? 'LOW'
+          : reasoning.effort === 'high'
+            ? 'HIGH'
+            : 'THINKING_LEVEL_UNSPECIFIED'
+      ) as ThinkingLevel;
+
+      return {
+        includeThoughts: true,
+        thinkingLevel,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   async generateContent(
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
     _userPromptId: string,
   ): Promise<GenerateContentResponse> {
     const finalRequest = {
       ...request,
-      config: this.buildSamplingParameters(request),
+      config: this.buildGenerateContentConfig(request),
     };
     return this.googleGenAI.models.generateContent(finalRequest);
   }
@@ -121,7 +138,7 @@ export class GeminiContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
   ): Promise<AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse>> {
     const finalRequest = {
       ...request,
-      config: this.buildSamplingParameters(request),
+      config: this.buildGenerateContentConfig(request),
     };
     return this.googleGenAI.models.generateContentStream(finalRequest);
   }

packages/core/src/core/geminiContentGenerator/index.test.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
 import { createGeminiContentGenerator } from './index.js';
 import { GeminiContentGenerator } from './geminiContentGenerator.js';
-import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator.js';
 import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
 import { AuthType } from '../contentGenerator.js';
 
@@ -15,10 +14,6 @@ vi.mock('./geminiContentGenerator.js', () => ({
   GeminiContentGenerator: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({})),
 }));
 
-vi.mock('./loggingContentGenerator.js', () => ({
-  LoggingContentGenerator: vi.fn().mockImplementation((wrapped) => wrapped),
-}));
-
 describe('createGeminiContentGenerator', () => {
   let mockConfig: Config;
 
@@ -31,7 +26,7 @@ describe('createGeminiContentGenerator', () => {
     } as unknown as Config;
   });
 
-  it('should create a GeminiContentGenerator wrapped in LoggingContentGenerator', () => {
+  it('should create a GeminiContentGenerator', () => {
     const config = {
       model: 'gemini-1.5-flash',
       apiKey: 'test-key',
@@ -41,7 +36,6 @@ describe('createGeminiContentGenerator', () => {
     const generator = createGeminiContentGenerator(config, mockConfig);
 
     expect(GeminiContentGenerator).toHaveBeenCalled();
-    expect(LoggingContentGenerator).toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(generator).toBeDefined();
   });
 });

packages/core/src/core/geminiContentGenerator/index.ts

@@ -11,10 +11,8 @@ import type {
 } from '../contentGenerator.js';
 import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
 import { InstallationManager } from '../../utils/installationManager.js';
-import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator.js';
 
 export { GeminiContentGenerator } from './geminiContentGenerator.js';
-export { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator.js';
 
 /**
  * Create a Gemini content generator.
@@ -51,5 +49,5 @@ export function createGeminiContentGenerator(
     config,
   );
 
-  return new LoggingContentGenerator(geminiContentGenerator, gcConfig);
+  return geminiContentGenerator;
 }

packages/core/src/core/loggingContentGenerator/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+export { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator.js';

packages/core/src/core/loggingContentGenerator/loggingContentGenerator.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import type {
+  GenerateContentParameters,
+  GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+} from '@google/genai';
+import { GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
+import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
+import type { ContentGenerator } from '../contentGenerator.js';
+import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './index.js';
+import { OpenAIContentConverter } from '../openaiContentGenerator/converter.js';
+import {
+  logApiRequest,
+  logApiResponse,
+  logApiError,
+} from '../../telemetry/loggers.js';
+import { OpenAILogger } from '../../utils/openaiLogger.js';
+import type OpenAI from 'openai';
+
+vi.mock('../../telemetry/loggers.js', () => ({
+  logApiRequest: vi.fn(),
+  logApiResponse: vi.fn(),
+  logApiError: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('../../utils/openaiLogger.js', () => ({
+  OpenAILogger: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+    logInteraction: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  })),
+}));
+
+const convertGeminiRequestToOpenAISpy = vi
+  .spyOn(OpenAIContentConverter.prototype, 'convertGeminiRequestToOpenAI')
+  .mockReturnValue([{ role: 'user', content: 'converted' }]);
+const convertGeminiToolsToOpenAISpy = vi
+  .spyOn(OpenAIContentConverter.prototype, 'convertGeminiToolsToOpenAI')
+  .mockResolvedValue([{ type: 'function', function: { name: 'tool' } }]);
+const convertGeminiResponseToOpenAISpy = vi
+  .spyOn(OpenAIContentConverter.prototype, 'convertGeminiResponseToOpenAI')
+  .mockReturnValue({
+    id: 'openai-response',
+    object: 'chat.completion',
+    created: 123456789,
+    model: 'test-model',
+    choices: [],
+  } as OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion);
+
+const createConfig = (overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Config =>
+  ({
+    getContentGeneratorConfig: () => ({
+      authType: 'openai',
+      enableOpenAILogging: false,
+      ...overrides,
+    }),
+  }) as Config;
+
+const createWrappedGenerator = (
+  generateContent: ContentGenerator['generateContent'],
+  generateContentStream: ContentGenerator['generateContentStream'],
+): ContentGenerator =>
+  ({
+    generateContent,
+    generateContentStream,
+    countTokens: vi.fn(),
+    embedContent: vi.fn(),
+    useSummarizedThinking: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+  }) as ContentGenerator;
+
+const createResponse = (
+  responseId: string,
+  modelVersion: string,
+  parts: Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+  usageMetadata?: GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+  finishReason?: string,
+): GenerateContentResponse => {
+  const response = new GenerateContentResponse();
+  response.responseId = responseId;
+  response.modelVersion = modelVersion;
+  response.usageMetadata = usageMetadata;
+  response.candidates = [
+    {
+      content: {
+        role: 'model',
+        parts: parts as never[],
+      },
+      finishReason: finishReason as never,
+      index: 0,
+      safetyRatings: [],
+    },
+  ];
+  return response;
+};
+
+describe('LoggingContentGenerator', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    convertGeminiRequestToOpenAISpy.mockClear();
+    convertGeminiToolsToOpenAISpy.mockClear();
+    convertGeminiResponseToOpenAISpy.mockClear();
+  });
+
+  it('logs request/response, normalizes thought parts, and logs OpenAI interaction', async () => {
+    const wrapped = createWrappedGenerator(
+      vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+        createResponse(
+          'resp-1',
+          'model-v2',
+          [{ text: 'ok' }],
+          {
+            promptTokenCount: 3,
+            candidatesTokenCount: 5,
+            totalTokenCount: 8,
+          },
+          'STOP',
+        ),
+      ),
+      vi.fn(),
+    );
+    const generator = new LoggingContentGenerator(
+      wrapped,
+      createConfig({
+        enableOpenAILogging: true,
+        openAILoggingDir: 'logs',
+        schemaCompliance: 'openapi_30',
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const request = {
+      model: 'test-model',
+      contents: [
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          parts: [
+            { text: 'Hello', thought: 'internal' },
+            {
+              functionCall: { id: 'call-1', name: 'tool', args: '{}' },
+              thought: 'strip-me',
+            },
+            null,
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+      config: {
+        temperature: 0.3,
+        topP: 0.9,
+        maxOutputTokens: 256,
+        presencePenalty: 0.2,
+        frequencyPenalty: 0.1,
+        tools: [
+          {
+            functionDeclarations: [
+              { name: 'tool', description: 'desc', parameters: {} },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters;
+
+    const response = await generator.generateContent(request, 'prompt-1');
+
+    expect(response.responseId).toBe('resp-1');
+    expect(logApiRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [, requestEvent] = vi.mocked(logApiRequest).mock.calls[0];
+    const loggedContents = JSON.parse(requestEvent.request_text || '[]');
+    expect(loggedContents[0].parts[0]).toEqual({
+      text: 'Hello\n[Thought: internal]',
+    });
+    expect(loggedContents[0].parts[1]).toEqual({
+      functionCall: { id: 'call-1', name: 'tool', args: '{}' },
+    });
+
+    expect(logApiResponse).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [, responseEvent] = vi.mocked(logApiResponse).mock.calls[0];
+    expect(responseEvent.response_id).toBe('resp-1');
+    expect(responseEvent.model).toBe('model-v2');
+    expect(responseEvent.prompt_id).toBe('prompt-1');
+    expect(responseEvent.input_token_count).toBe(3);
+
+    expect(convertGeminiRequestToOpenAISpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(convertGeminiToolsToOpenAISpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(convertGeminiResponseToOpenAISpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+    const openaiLoggerInstance = vi.mocked(OpenAILogger).mock.results[0]
+      ?.value as { logInteraction: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
+    expect(openaiLoggerInstance.logInteraction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [openaiRequest, openaiResponse, openaiError] =
+      openaiLoggerInstance.logInteraction.mock.calls[0];
+    expect(openaiRequest).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        model: 'test-model',
+        messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'converted' }],
+        tools: [{ type: 'function', function: { name: 'tool' } }],
+        temperature: 0.3,
+        top_p: 0.9,
+        max_tokens: 256,
+        presence_penalty: 0.2,
+        frequency_penalty: 0.1,
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(openaiResponse).toEqual({
+      id: 'openai-response',
+      object: 'chat.completion',
+      created: 123456789,
+      model: 'test-model',
+      choices: [],
+    });
+    expect(openaiError).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('logs errors with status code and request id, then rethrows', async () => {
+    const error = Object.assign(new Error('boom'), {
+      code: 429,
+      request_id: 'req-99',
+      type: 'rate_limit',
+    });
+    const wrapped = createWrappedGenerator(
+      vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(error),
+      vi.fn(),
+    );
+    const generator = new LoggingContentGenerator(
+      wrapped,
+      createConfig({ enableOpenAILogging: true }),
+    );
+
+    const request = {
+      model: 'test-model',
+      contents: 'Hello',
+    } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters;
+
+    await expect(
+      generator.generateContent(request, 'prompt-2'),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('boom');
+
+    expect(logApiError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [, errorEvent] = vi.mocked(logApiError).mock.calls[0];
+    expect(errorEvent.response_id).toBe('req-99');
+    expect(errorEvent.status_code).toBe(429);
+    expect(errorEvent.error_type).toBe('rate_limit');
+    expect(errorEvent.prompt_id).toBe('prompt-2');
+
+    const openaiLoggerInstance = vi.mocked(OpenAILogger).mock.results[0]
+      ?.value as { logInteraction: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
+    const [, , loggedError] = openaiLoggerInstance.logInteraction.mock.calls[0];
+    expect(loggedError).toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+    expect((loggedError as Error).message).toBe('boom');
+  });
+
+  it('logs streaming responses and consolidates tool calls', async () => {
+    const usage1 = {
+      promptTokenCount: 1,
+    } as GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata;
+    const usage2 = {
+      promptTokenCount: 2,
+      candidatesTokenCount: 4,
+      totalTokenCount: 6,
+    } as GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata;
+
+    const response1 = createResponse(
+      'resp-1',
+      'model-stream',
+      [
+        { text: 'Hello' },
+        { functionCall: { id: 'call-1', name: 'tool', args: '{}' } },
+      ],
+      usage1,
+    );
+    const response2 = createResponse(
+      'resp-2',
+      'model-stream',
+      [
+        { text: ' world' },
+        { functionCall: { id: 'call-1', name: 'tool', args: '{"x":1}' } },
+        { functionResponse: { name: 'tool', response: { output: 'ok' } } },
+      ],
+      usage2,
+      'STOP',
+    );
+
+    const wrapped = createWrappedGenerator(
+      vi.fn(),
+      vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+        (async function* () {
+          yield response1;
+          yield response2;
+        })(),
+      ),
+    );
+    const generator = new LoggingContentGenerator(
+      wrapped,
+      createConfig({ enableOpenAILogging: true }),
+    );
+
+    const request = {
+      model: 'test-model',
+      contents: 'Hello',
+    } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters;
+
+    const stream = await generator.generateContentStream(request, 'prompt-3');
+    const seen: GenerateContentResponse[] = [];
+    for await (const item of stream) {
+      seen.push(item);
+    }
+    expect(seen).toHaveLength(2);
+
+    expect(logApiResponse).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [, responseEvent] = vi.mocked(logApiResponse).mock.calls[0];
+    expect(responseEvent.response_id).toBe('resp-1');
+    expect(responseEvent.input_token_count).toBe(2);
+
+    expect(convertGeminiResponseToOpenAISpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [consolidatedResponse] =
+      convertGeminiResponseToOpenAISpy.mock.calls[0];
+    const consolidatedParts =
+      consolidatedResponse.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts || [];
+    expect(consolidatedParts).toEqual([
+      { text: 'Hello' },
+      { functionCall: { id: 'call-1', name: 'tool', args: '{"x":1}' } },
+      { text: ' world' },
+      { functionResponse: { name: 'tool', response: { output: 'ok' } } },
+    ]);
+    expect(consolidatedResponse.usageMetadata).toBe(usage2);
+    expect(consolidatedResponse.responseId).toBe('resp-2');
+    expect(consolidatedResponse.candidates?.[0]?.finishReason).toBe('STOP');
+  });
+
+  it('logs stream errors and skips response logging', async () => {
+    const response1 = createResponse('resp-1', 'model-stream', [
+      { text: 'partial' },
+    ]);
+    const streamError = new Error('stream-fail');
+    const wrapped = createWrappedGenerator(
+      vi.fn(),
+      vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+        (async function* () {
+          yield response1;
+          throw streamError;
+        })(),
+      ),
+    );
+    const generator = new LoggingContentGenerator(
+      wrapped,
+      createConfig({ enableOpenAILogging: true }),
+    );
+
+    const request = {
+      model: 'test-model',
+      contents: 'Hello',
+    } as unknown as GenerateContentParameters;
+
+    const stream = await generator.generateContentStream(request, 'prompt-4');
+    await expect(async () => {
+      for await (const _item of stream) {
+        // Consume stream to trigger error.
+      }
+    }).rejects.toThrow('stream-fail');
+
+    expect(logApiResponse).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(logApiError).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const openaiLoggerInstance = vi.mocked(OpenAILogger).mock.results[0]
+      ?.value as { logInteraction: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
+    expect(openaiLoggerInstance.logInteraction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/core/loggingContentGenerator/loggingContentGenerator.ts

@@ -4,20 +4,22 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-import type {
-  Content,
-  CountTokensParameters,
-  CountTokensResponse,
-  EmbedContentParameters,
-  EmbedContentResponse,
-  GenerateContentParameters,
-  GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+import {
   GenerateContentResponse,
-  ContentListUnion,
-  ContentUnion,
-  Part,
-  PartUnion,
+  type Content,
+  type CountTokensParameters,
+  type CountTokensResponse,
+  type EmbedContentParameters,
+  type EmbedContentResponse,
+  type GenerateContentParameters,
+  type GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
+  type ContentListUnion,
+  type ContentUnion,
+  type Part,
+  type PartUnion,
+  type FinishReason,
 } from '@google/genai';
+import type OpenAI from 'openai';
 import {
   ApiRequestEvent,
   ApiResponseEvent,
@@ -31,6 +33,8 @@ import {
 } from '../../telemetry/loggers.js';
 import type { ContentGenerator } from '../contentGenerator.js';
 import { isStructuredError } from '../../utils/quotaErrorDetection.js';
+import { OpenAIContentConverter } from '../openaiContentGenerator/converter.js';
+import { OpenAILogger } from '../../utils/openaiLogger.js';
 
 interface StructuredError {
   status: number;
@@ -40,10 +44,19 @@ interface StructuredError {
  * A decorator that wraps a ContentGenerator to add logging to API calls.
  */
 export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
+  private openaiLogger?: OpenAILogger;
+  private schemaCompliance?: 'auto' | 'openapi_30';
+
   constructor(
     private readonly wrapped: ContentGenerator,
     private readonly config: Config,
-  ) {}
+  ) {
+    const generatorConfig = this.config.getContentGeneratorConfig();
+    if (generatorConfig?.enableOpenAILogging) {
+      this.openaiLogger = new OpenAILogger(generatorConfig.openAILoggingDir);
+      this.schemaCompliance = generatorConfig.schemaCompliance;
+    }
+  }
 
   getWrapped(): ContentGenerator {
     return this.wrapped;
@@ -91,21 +104,31 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
     prompt_id: string,
   ): void {
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-    const errorType = error instanceof Error ? error.name : 'unknown';
+    const errorType =
+      (error as { type?: string })?.type ||
+      (error instanceof Error ? error.name : 'unknown');
+    const errorResponseId =
+      (error as { requestID?: string; request_id?: string })?.requestID ||
+      (error as { requestID?: string; request_id?: string })?.request_id ||
+      responseId;
+    const errorStatus =
+      (error as { code?: string | number; status?: number })?.code ??
+      (error as { status?: number })?.status ??
+      (isStructuredError(error)
+        ? (error as StructuredError).status
+        : undefined);
 
     logApiError(
       this.config,
       new ApiErrorEvent(
-        responseId,
+        errorResponseId,
         model,
         errorMessage,
         durationMs,
         prompt_id,
         this.config.getContentGeneratorConfig()?.authType,
         errorType,
-        isStructuredError(error)
-          ? (error as StructuredError).status
-          : undefined,
+        errorStatus,
       ),
     );
   }
@@ -116,6 +139,7 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
   ): Promise<GenerateContentResponse> {
     const startTime = Date.now();
     this.logApiRequest(this.toContents(req.contents), req.model, userPromptId);
+    const openaiRequest = await this.buildOpenAIRequestForLogging(req);
     try {
       const response = await this.wrapped.generateContent(req, userPromptId);
       const durationMs = Date.now() - startTime;
@@ -127,10 +151,12 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
         response.usageMetadata,
         JSON.stringify(response),
       );
+      await this.logOpenAIInteraction(openaiRequest, response);
       return response;
     } catch (error) {
       const durationMs = Date.now() - startTime;
       this._logApiError(undefined, durationMs, error, req.model, userPromptId);
+      await this.logOpenAIInteraction(openaiRequest, undefined, error);
       throw error;
     }
   }
@@ -141,6 +167,7 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
   ): Promise<AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse>> {
     const startTime = Date.now();
     this.logApiRequest(this.toContents(req.contents), req.model, userPromptId);
+    const openaiRequest = await this.buildOpenAIRequestForLogging(req);
 
     let stream: AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse>;
     try {
@@ -148,6 +175,7 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
     } catch (error) {
       const durationMs = Date.now() - startTime;
       this._logApiError(undefined, durationMs, error, req.model, userPromptId);
+      await this.logOpenAIInteraction(openaiRequest, undefined, error);
       throw error;
     }
 
@@ -156,6 +184,7 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
       startTime,
       userPromptId,
       req.model,
+      openaiRequest,
     );
   }
 
@@ -164,6 +193,7 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
     startTime: number,
     userPromptId: string,
     model: string,
+    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
   ): AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse> {
     const responses: GenerateContentResponse[] = [];
 
@@ -186,6 +216,9 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
         lastUsageMetadata,
         JSON.stringify(responses),
       );
+      const consolidatedResponse =
+        this.consolidateGeminiResponsesForLogging(responses);
+      await this.logOpenAIInteraction(openaiRequest, consolidatedResponse);
     } catch (error) {
       const durationMs = Date.now() - startTime;
       this._logApiError(
@@ -195,10 +228,182 @@ export class LoggingContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
         responses[0]?.modelVersion || model,
         userPromptId,
       );
+      await this.logOpenAIInteraction(openaiRequest, undefined, error);
       throw error;
     }
   }
 
+  private async buildOpenAIRequestForLogging(
+    request: GenerateContentParameters,
+  ): Promise<OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams | undefined> {
+    if (!this.openaiLogger) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const converter = new OpenAIContentConverter(
+      request.model,
+      this.schemaCompliance,
+    );
+    const messages = converter.convertGeminiRequestToOpenAI(request, {
+      cleanOrphanToolCalls: false,
+    });
+
+    const openaiRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams = {
+      model: request.model,
+      messages,
+    };
+
+    if (request.config?.tools) {
+      openaiRequest.tools = await converter.convertGeminiToolsToOpenAI(
+        request.config.tools,
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (request.config?.temperature !== undefined) {
+      openaiRequest.temperature = request.config.temperature;
+    }
+    if (request.config?.topP !== undefined) {
+      openaiRequest.top_p = request.config.topP;
+    }
+    if (request.config?.maxOutputTokens !== undefined) {
+      openaiRequest.max_tokens = request.config.maxOutputTokens;
+    }
+    if (request.config?.presencePenalty !== undefined) {
+      openaiRequest.presence_penalty = request.config.presencePenalty;
+    }
+    if (request.config?.frequencyPenalty !== undefined) {
+      openaiRequest.frequency_penalty = request.config.frequencyPenalty;
+    }
+
+    return openaiRequest;
+  }
+
+  private async logOpenAIInteraction(
+    openaiRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams | undefined,
+    response?: GenerateContentResponse,
+    error?: unknown,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.openaiLogger || !openaiRequest) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const openaiResponse = response
+      ? this.convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIForLogging(response, openaiRequest)
+      : undefined;
+
+    await this.openaiLogger.logInteraction(
+      openaiRequest,
+      openaiResponse,
+      error instanceof Error
+        ? error
+        : error
+          ? new Error(String(error))
+          : undefined,
+    );
+  }
+
+  private convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIForLogging(
+    response: GenerateContentResponse,
+    openaiRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
+  ): OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion {
+    const converter = new OpenAIContentConverter(
+      openaiRequest.model,
+      this.schemaCompliance,
+    );
+
+    return converter.convertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(response);
+  }
+
+  private consolidateGeminiResponsesForLogging(
+    responses: GenerateContentResponse[],
+  ): GenerateContentResponse | undefined {
+    if (responses.length === 0) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const consolidated = new GenerateContentResponse();
+    const combinedParts: Part[] = [];
+    const functionCallIndex = new Map<string, number>();
+    let finishReason: FinishReason | undefined;
+    let usageMetadata: GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata | undefined;
+
+    for (const response of responses) {
+      if (response.usageMetadata) {
+        usageMetadata = response.usageMetadata;
+      }
+
+      const candidate = response.candidates?.[0];
+      if (candidate?.finishReason) {
+        finishReason = candidate.finishReason;
+      }
+
+      const parts = candidate?.content?.parts ?? [];
+      for (const part of parts as Part[]) {
+        if (typeof part === 'string') {
+          combinedParts.push({ text: part });
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if ('text' in part) {
+          if (part.text) {
+            combinedParts.push({
+              text: part.text,
+              ...(part.thought ? { thought: true } : {}),
+              ...(part.thoughtSignature
+                ? { thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature }
+                : {}),
+            });
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if ('functionCall' in part && part.functionCall) {
+          const callKey =
+            part.functionCall.id || part.functionCall.name || 'tool_call';
+          const existingIndex = functionCallIndex.get(callKey);
+          const functionPart = { functionCall: part.functionCall };
+          if (existingIndex !== undefined) {
+            combinedParts[existingIndex] = functionPart;
+          } else {
+            functionCallIndex.set(callKey, combinedParts.length);
+            combinedParts.push(functionPart);
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if ('functionResponse' in part && part.functionResponse) {
+          combinedParts.push({ functionResponse: part.functionResponse });
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        combinedParts.push(part);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const lastResponse = responses[responses.length - 1];
+    const lastCandidate = lastResponse.candidates?.[0];
+
+    consolidated.responseId = lastResponse.responseId;
+    consolidated.createTime = lastResponse.createTime;
+    consolidated.modelVersion = lastResponse.modelVersion;
+    consolidated.promptFeedback = lastResponse.promptFeedback;
+    consolidated.usageMetadata = usageMetadata;
+
+    consolidated.candidates = [
+      {
+        content: {
+          role: lastCandidate?.content?.role || 'model',
+          parts: combinedParts,
+        },
+        ...(finishReason ? { finishReason } : {}),
+        index: 0,
+        safetyRatings: lastCandidate?.safetyRatings || [],
+      },
+    ];
+
+    return consolidated;
+  }
+
   async countTokens(req: CountTokensParameters): Promise<CountTokensResponse> {
     return this.wrapped.countTokens(req);
   }

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/converter.ts

@@ -236,8 +236,9 @@ export class OpenAIContentConverter {
    */
   convertGeminiRequestToOpenAI(
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
+    options: { cleanOrphanToolCalls: boolean } = { cleanOrphanToolCalls: true },
   ): OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessageParam[] {
-    const messages: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessageParam[] = [];
+    let messages: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessageParam[] = [];
 
     // Handle system instruction from config
     this.addSystemInstructionMessage(request, messages);
@@ -246,11 +247,89 @@ export class OpenAIContentConverter {
     this.processContents(request.contents, messages);
 
     // Clean up orphaned tool calls and merge consecutive assistant messages
-    const cleanedMessages = this.cleanOrphanedToolCalls(messages);
-    const mergedMessages =
-      this.mergeConsecutiveAssistantMessages(cleanedMessages);
+    if (options.cleanOrphanToolCalls) {
+      messages = this.cleanOrphanedToolCalls(messages);
+    }
+    messages = this.mergeConsecutiveAssistantMessages(messages);
 
-    return mergedMessages;
+    return messages;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert Gemini response to OpenAI completion format (for logging).
+   */
+  convertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(
+    response: GenerateContentResponse,
+  ): OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion {
+    const candidate = response.candidates?.[0];
+    const parts = (candidate?.content?.parts || []) as Part[];
+    const parsedParts = this.parseParts(parts);
+
+    const message: ExtendedCompletionMessage = {
+      role: 'assistant',
+      content: parsedParts.contentParts.join('') || null,
+      refusal: null,
+    };
+
+    const reasoningContent = parsedParts.thoughtParts.join('');
+    if (reasoningContent) {
+      message.reasoning_content = reasoningContent;
+    }
+
+    if (parsedParts.functionCalls.length > 0) {
+      message.tool_calls = parsedParts.functionCalls.map((call, index) => ({
+        id: call.id || `call_${index}`,
+        type: 'function' as const,
+        function: {
+          name: call.name || '',
+          arguments: JSON.stringify(call.args || {}),
+        },
+      }));
+    }
+
+    const finishReason = this.mapGeminiFinishReasonToOpenAI(
+      candidate?.finishReason,
+    );
+
+    const usageMetadata = response.usageMetadata;
+    const usage: OpenAI.CompletionUsage = {
+      prompt_tokens: usageMetadata?.promptTokenCount || 0,
+      completion_tokens: usageMetadata?.candidatesTokenCount || 0,
+      total_tokens: usageMetadata?.totalTokenCount || 0,
+    };
+
+    if (usageMetadata?.cachedContentTokenCount !== undefined) {
+      (
+        usage as OpenAI.CompletionUsage & {
+          prompt_tokens_details?: { cached_tokens?: number };
+        }
+      ).prompt_tokens_details = {
+        cached_tokens: usageMetadata.cachedContentTokenCount,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const createdMs = response.createTime
+      ? Number(response.createTime)
+      : Date.now();
+    const createdSeconds = Number.isFinite(createdMs)
+      ? Math.floor(createdMs / 1000)
+      : Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+
+    return {
+      id: response.responseId || `gemini-${Date.now()}`,
+      object: 'chat.completion',
+      created: createdSeconds,
+      model: response.modelVersion || this.model,
+      choices: [
+        {
+          index: 0,
+          message,
+          finish_reason: finishReason,
+          logprobs: null,
+        },
+      ],
+      usage,
+    };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -836,84 +915,6 @@ export class OpenAIContentConverter {
     return response;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Convert Gemini response format to OpenAI chat completion format for logging
-   */
-  convertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(
-    response: GenerateContentResponse,
-  ): OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion {
-    const candidate = response.candidates?.[0];
-    const content = candidate?.content;
-
-    let messageContent: string | null = null;
-    const toolCalls: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessageToolCall[] = [];
-
-    if (content?.parts) {
-      const textParts: string[] = [];
-
-      for (const part of content.parts) {
-        if ('text' in part && part.text) {
-          textParts.push(part.text);
-        } else if ('functionCall' in part && part.functionCall) {
-          toolCalls.push({
-            id: part.functionCall.id || `call_${toolCalls.length}`,
-            type: 'function' as const,
-            function: {
-              name: part.functionCall.name || '',
-              arguments: JSON.stringify(part.functionCall.args || {}),
-            },
-          });
-        }
-      }
-
-      messageContent = textParts.join('').trimEnd();
-    }
-
-    const choice: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion.Choice = {
-      index: 0,
-      message: {
-        role: 'assistant',
-        content: messageContent,
-        refusal: null,
-      },
-      finish_reason: this.mapGeminiFinishReasonToOpenAI(
-        candidate?.finishReason,
-      ) as OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion.Choice['finish_reason'],
-      logprobs: null,
-    };
-
-    if (toolCalls.length > 0) {
-      choice.message.tool_calls = toolCalls;
-    }
-
-    const openaiResponse: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion = {
-      id: response.responseId || `chatcmpl-${Date.now()}`,
-      object: 'chat.completion',
-      created: response.createTime
-        ? Number(response.createTime)
-        : Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000),
-      model: this.model,
-      choices: [choice],
-    };
-
-    // Add usage metadata if available
-    if (response.usageMetadata) {
-      openaiResponse.usage = {
-        prompt_tokens: response.usageMetadata.promptTokenCount || 0,
-        completion_tokens: response.usageMetadata.candidatesTokenCount || 0,
-        total_tokens: response.usageMetadata.totalTokenCount || 0,
-      };
-
-      if (response.usageMetadata.cachedContentTokenCount) {
-        openaiResponse.usage.prompt_tokens_details = {
-          cached_tokens: response.usageMetadata.cachedContentTokenCount,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    return openaiResponse;
-  }
-
   /**
    * Map OpenAI finish reasons to Gemini finish reasons
    */
@@ -931,29 +932,24 @@ export class OpenAIContentConverter {
     return mapping[openaiReason] || FinishReason.FINISH_REASON_UNSPECIFIED;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Map Gemini finish reasons to OpenAI finish reasons
-   */
-  private mapGeminiFinishReasonToOpenAI(geminiReason?: unknown): string {
-    if (!geminiReason) return 'stop';
+  private mapGeminiFinishReasonToOpenAI(
+    geminiReason?: FinishReason,
+  ): 'stop' | 'length' | 'tool_calls' | 'content_filter' | 'function_call' {
+    if (!geminiReason) {
+      return 'stop';
+    }
 
     switch (geminiReason) {
-      case 'STOP':
-      case 1: // FinishReason.STOP
+      case FinishReason.STOP:
         return 'stop';
-      case 'MAX_TOKENS':
-      case 2: // FinishReason.MAX_TOKENS
+      case FinishReason.MAX_TOKENS:
         return 'length';
-      case 'SAFETY':
-      case 3: // FinishReason.SAFETY
+      case FinishReason.SAFETY:
         return 'content_filter';
-      case 'RECITATION':
-      case 4: // FinishReason.RECITATION
-        return 'content_filter';
-      case 'OTHER':
-      case 5: // FinishReason.OTHER
-        return 'stop';
       default:
+        if (geminiReason === ('RECITATION' as FinishReason)) {
+          return 'content_filter';
+        }
         return 'stop';
     }
   }

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/errorHandler.test.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
 import type { GenerateContentParameters } from '@google/genai';
 import { EnhancedErrorHandler } from './errorHandler.js';
-import type { RequestContext } from './telemetryService.js';
+import type { RequestContext } from './errorHandler.js';
 
 describe('EnhancedErrorHandler', () => {
   let errorHandler: EnhancedErrorHandler;

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/errorHandler.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,15 @@
  */
 
 import type { GenerateContentParameters } from '@google/genai';
-import type { RequestContext } from './telemetryService.js';
+
+export interface RequestContext {
+  userPromptId: string;
+  model: string;
+  authType: string;
+  startTime: number;
+  duration: number;
+  isStreaming: boolean;
+}
 
 export interface ErrorHandler {
   handle(

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/index.ts

@@ -91,11 +91,4 @@ export function determineProvider(
   return new DefaultOpenAICompatibleProvider(contentGeneratorConfig, cliConfig);
 }
 
-// Services
-export {
-  type TelemetryService,
-  type RequestContext,
-  DefaultTelemetryService,
-} from './telemetryService.js';
-
 export { type ErrorHandler, EnhancedErrorHandler } from './errorHandler.js';

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/openaiContentGenerator.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import type {
 } from '@google/genai';
 import type { PipelineConfig } from './pipeline.js';
 import { ContentGenerationPipeline } from './pipeline.js';
-import { DefaultTelemetryService } from './telemetryService.js';
 import { EnhancedErrorHandler } from './errorHandler.js';
 import { getDefaultTokenizer } from '../../utils/request-tokenizer/index.js';
 import type { ContentGeneratorConfig } from '../contentGenerator.js';
@@ -29,11 +28,6 @@ export class OpenAIContentGenerator implements ContentGenerator {
       cliConfig,
       provider,
       contentGeneratorConfig,
-      telemetryService: new DefaultTelemetryService(
-        cliConfig,
-        contentGeneratorConfig.enableOpenAILogging,
-        contentGeneratorConfig.openAILoggingDir,
-      ),
       errorHandler: new EnhancedErrorHandler(
         (error: unknown, request: GenerateContentParameters) =>
           this.shouldSuppressErrorLogging(error, request),

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/pipeline.test.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import { OpenAIContentConverter } from './converter.js';
 import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
 import type { ContentGeneratorConfig, AuthType } from '../contentGenerator.js';
 import type { OpenAICompatibleProvider } from './provider/index.js';
-import type { TelemetryService } from './telemetryService.js';
 import type { ErrorHandler } from './errorHandler.js';
 
 // Mock dependencies
@@ -28,7 +27,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
   let mockProvider: OpenAICompatibleProvider;
   let mockClient: OpenAI;
   let mockConverter: OpenAIContentConverter;
-  let mockTelemetryService: TelemetryService;
   let mockErrorHandler: ErrorHandler;
   let mockContentGeneratorConfig: ContentGeneratorConfig;
   let mockCliConfig: Config;
@@ -63,13 +61,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       getDefaultGenerationConfig: vi.fn().mockReturnValue({}),
     };
 
-    // Mock telemetry service
-    mockTelemetryService = {
-      logSuccess: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
-      logError: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
-      logStreamingSuccess: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
-    };
-
     // Mock error handler
     mockErrorHandler = {
       handle: vi.fn().mockImplementation((error: unknown) => {
@@ -99,7 +90,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       cliConfig: mockCliConfig,
       provider: mockProvider,
       contentGeneratorConfig: mockContentGeneratorConfig,
-      telemetryService: mockTelemetryService,
       errorHandler: mockErrorHandler,
     };
 
@@ -172,17 +162,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       expect(mockConverter.convertOpenAIResponseToGemini).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         mockOpenAIResponse,
       );
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: false,
-        }),
-        mockGeminiResponse,
-        expect.any(Object),
-        mockOpenAIResponse,
-      );
     });
 
     it('should handle tools in request', async () => {
@@ -268,16 +247,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
         'API Error',
       );
 
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: false,
-        }),
-        testError,
-        expect.any(Object),
-      );
       expect(mockErrorHandler.handle).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         testError,
         expect.any(Object),
@@ -376,17 +345,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
           signal: undefined,
         }),
       );
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logStreamingSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: true,
-        }),
-        [mockGeminiResponse1, mockGeminiResponse2],
-        expect.any(Object),
-        [mockChunk1, mockChunk2],
-      );
     });
 
     it('should filter empty responses', async () => {
@@ -490,16 +448,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
 
       expect(results).toHaveLength(0); // No results due to error
       expect(mockConverter.resetStreamingToolCalls).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2); // Once at start, once on error
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: true,
-        }),
-        testError,
-        expect.any(Object),
-      );
       expect(mockErrorHandler.handle).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         testError,
         expect.any(Object),
@@ -650,18 +598,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
         candidatesTokenCount: 20,
         totalTokenCount: 30,
       });
-
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logStreamingSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: true,
-        }),
-        results,
-        expect.any(Object),
-        [mockChunk1, mockChunk2, mockChunk3],
-      );
     });
 
     it('should handle ideal case where last chunk has both finishReason and usageMetadata', async () => {
@@ -853,18 +789,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
         candidatesTokenCount: 20,
         totalTokenCount: 30,
       });
-
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logStreamingSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: true,
-        }),
-        results,
-        expect.any(Object),
-        [mockChunk1, mockChunk2, mockChunk3],
-      );
     });
 
     it('should handle providers that send finishReason and valid usage in same chunk', async () => {
@@ -1118,19 +1042,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       await pipeline.execute(request, userPromptId);
 
       // Assert
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: false,
-          startTime: expect.any(Number),
-          duration: expect.any(Number),
-        }),
-        expect.any(Object),
-        expect.any(Object),
-        expect.any(Object),
-      );
     });
 
     it('should create context with correct properties for streaming request', async () => {
@@ -1173,19 +1084,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       }
 
       // Assert
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logStreamingSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          userPromptId,
-          model: 'test-model',
-          authType: 'openai',
-          isStreaming: true,
-          startTime: expect.any(Number),
-          duration: expect.any(Number),
-        }),
-        expect.any(Array),
-        expect.any(Object),
-        expect.any(Array),
-      );
     });
 
     it('should collect all OpenAI chunks for logging even when Gemini responses are filtered', async () => {
@@ -1329,22 +1227,6 @@ describe('ContentGenerationPipeline', () => {
       // Should only yield the final response (empty ones are filtered)
       expect(responses).toHaveLength(1);
       expect(responses[0]).toBe(finalGeminiResponse);
-
-      // Verify telemetry was called with ALL OpenAI chunks, including the filtered ones
-      expect(mockTelemetryService.logStreamingSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          model: 'test-model',
-          duration: expect.any(Number),
-          userPromptId: 'test-prompt-id',
-          authType: 'openai',
-        }),
-        [finalGeminiResponse], // Only the non-empty Gemini response
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          model: 'test-model',
-          messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'test' }],
-        }),
-        [partialToolCallChunk1, partialToolCallChunk2, finishChunk], // ALL OpenAI chunks
-      );
     });
   });
 });

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/pipeline.ts

@@ -13,14 +13,12 @@ import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
 import type { ContentGeneratorConfig } from '../contentGenerator.js';
 import type { OpenAICompatibleProvider } from './provider/index.js';
 import { OpenAIContentConverter } from './converter.js';
-import type { TelemetryService, RequestContext } from './telemetryService.js';
-import type { ErrorHandler } from './errorHandler.js';
+import type { ErrorHandler, RequestContext } from './errorHandler.js';
 
 export interface PipelineConfig {
   cliConfig: Config;
   provider: OpenAICompatibleProvider;
   contentGeneratorConfig: ContentGeneratorConfig;
-  telemetryService: TelemetryService;
   errorHandler: ErrorHandler;
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
       request,
       userPromptId,
       false,
-      async (openaiRequest, context) => {
+      async (openaiRequest) => {
         const openaiResponse = (await this.client.chat.completions.create(
           openaiRequest,
           {
@@ -57,14 +55,6 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
         const geminiResponse =
           this.converter.convertOpenAIResponseToGemini(openaiResponse);
 
-        // Log success
-        await this.config.telemetryService.logSuccess(
-          context,
-          geminiResponse,
-          openaiRequest,
-          openaiResponse,
-        );
-
         return geminiResponse;
       },
     );
@@ -88,12 +78,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
         )) as AsyncIterable<OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk>;
 
         // Stage 2: Process stream with conversion and logging
-        return this.processStreamWithLogging(
-          stream,
-          context,
-          openaiRequest,
-          request,
-        );
+        return this.processStreamWithLogging(stream, context, request);
       },
     );
   }
@@ -110,11 +95,9 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
   private async *processStreamWithLogging(
     stream: AsyncIterable<OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk>,
     context: RequestContext,
-    openaiRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
   ): AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse> {
     const collectedGeminiResponses: GenerateContentResponse[] = [];
-    const collectedOpenAIChunks: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk[] = [];
 
     // Reset streaming tool calls to prevent data pollution from previous streams
     this.converter.resetStreamingToolCalls();
@@ -125,9 +108,6 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
     try {
       // Stage 2a: Convert and yield each chunk while preserving original
       for await (const chunk of stream) {
-        // Always collect OpenAI chunks for logging, regardless of Gemini conversion result
-        collectedOpenAIChunks.push(chunk);
-
         const response = this.converter.convertOpenAIChunkToGemini(chunk);
 
         // Stage 2b: Filter empty responses to avoid downstream issues
@@ -164,15 +144,8 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
         yield pendingFinishResponse;
       }
 
-      // Stage 2e: Stream completed successfully - perform logging with original OpenAI chunks
+      // Stage 2e: Stream completed successfully
       context.duration = Date.now() - context.startTime;
-
-      await this.config.telemetryService.logStreamingSuccess(
-        context,
-        collectedGeminiResponses,
-        openaiRequest,
-        collectedOpenAIChunks,
-      );
     } catch (error) {
       // Clear streaming tool calls on error to prevent data pollution
       this.converter.resetStreamingToolCalls();
@@ -258,7 +231,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
     const baseRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams = {
       model: this.contentGeneratorConfig.model,
       messages,
-      ...this.buildSamplingParameters(request),
+      ...this.buildGenerateContentConfig(request),
     };
 
     // Add streaming options if present
@@ -280,7 +253,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
     return this.config.provider.buildRequest(baseRequest, userPromptId);
   }
 
-  private buildSamplingParameters(
+  private buildGenerateContentConfig(
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
   ): Record<string, unknown> {
     const defaultSamplingParams =
@@ -316,7 +289,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
       return value !== undefined ? { [key]: value } : {};
     };
 
-    const params = {
+    const params: Record<string, unknown> = {
       // Parameters with request fallback but no defaults
       ...addParameterIfDefined('temperature', 'temperature', 'temperature'),
       ...addParameterIfDefined('top_p', 'top_p', 'topP'),
@@ -337,11 +310,24 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
         'frequency_penalty',
         'frequencyPenalty',
       ),
+      ...this.buildReasoningConfig(),
     };
 
     return params;
   }
 
+  private buildReasoningConfig(): Record<string, unknown> {
+    const reasoning = this.contentGeneratorConfig.reasoning;
+
+    if (reasoning === false) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    return {
+      reasoning_effort: reasoning?.effort ?? 'medium',
+    };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Common error handling wrapper for execute methods
    */
@@ -369,13 +355,7 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
       return result;
     } catch (error) {
       // Use shared error handling logic
-      return await this.handleError(
-        error,
-        context,
-        request,
-        userPromptId,
-        isStreaming,
-      );
+      return await this.handleError(error, context, request);
     }
   }
 
@@ -387,37 +367,8 @@ export class ContentGenerationPipeline {
     error: unknown,
     context: RequestContext,
     request: GenerateContentParameters,
-    userPromptId?: string,
-    isStreaming?: boolean,
   ): Promise<never> {
     context.duration = Date.now() - context.startTime;
-
-    // Build request for logging (may fail, but we still want to log the error)
-    let openaiRequest: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams;
-    try {
-      if (userPromptId !== undefined && isStreaming !== undefined) {
-        openaiRequest = await this.buildRequest(
-          request,
-          userPromptId,
-          isStreaming,
-        );
-      } else {
-        // For processStreamWithLogging, we don't have userPromptId/isStreaming,
-        // so create a minimal request
-        openaiRequest = {
-          model: this.contentGeneratorConfig.model,
-          messages: [],
-        };
-      }
-    } catch (_buildError) {
-      // If we can't build the request, create a minimal one for logging
-      openaiRequest = {
-        model: this.contentGeneratorConfig.model,
-        messages: [],
-      };
-    }
-
-    await this.config.telemetryService.logError(context, error, openaiRequest);
     this.config.errorHandler.handle(error, context, request);
   }
 

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/provider/dashscope.ts

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ export class DashScopeOpenAICompatibleProvider
     return (
       authType === AuthType.QWEN_OAUTH ||
       baseUrl === 'https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1' ||
-      baseUrl === 'https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1'
+      baseUrl === 'https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1' ||
+      !baseUrl
     );
   }
 
@@ -144,9 +145,7 @@ export class DashScopeOpenAICompatibleProvider
 
   getDefaultGenerationConfig(): GenerateContentConfig {
     return {
-      temperature: 0.7,
-      topP: 0.8,
-      topK: 20,
+      temperature: 0.3,
     };
   }
 

packages/core/src/core/openaiContentGenerator/telemetryService.ts

@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 Qwen
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
-import { logApiError, logApiResponse } from '../../telemetry/loggers.js';
-import { ApiErrorEvent, ApiResponseEvent } from '../../telemetry/types.js';
-import { OpenAILogger } from '../../utils/openaiLogger.js';
-import type { GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
-import type OpenAI from 'openai';
-import type { ExtendedCompletionChunkDelta } from './converter.js';
-
-export interface RequestContext {
-  userPromptId: string;
-  model: string;
-  authType: string;
-  startTime: number;
-  duration: number;
-  isStreaming: boolean;
-}
-
-export interface TelemetryService {
-  logSuccess(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    response: GenerateContentResponse,
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-    openaiResponse?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion,
-  ): Promise<void>;
-
-  logError(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    error: unknown,
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-  ): Promise<void>;
-
-  logStreamingSuccess(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    responses: GenerateContentResponse[],
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-    openaiChunks?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk[],
-  ): Promise<void>;
-}
-
-export class DefaultTelemetryService implements TelemetryService {
-  private logger: OpenAILogger;
-
-  constructor(
-    private config: Config,
-    private enableOpenAILogging: boolean = false,
-    openAILoggingDir?: string,
-  ) {
-    // Always create a new logger instance to ensure correct working directory
-    // If no custom directory is provided, undefined will use the default path
-    this.logger = new OpenAILogger(openAILoggingDir);
-  }
-
-  async logSuccess(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    response: GenerateContentResponse,
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-    openaiResponse?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    // Log API response event for UI telemetry
-    const responseEvent = new ApiResponseEvent(
-      response.responseId || 'unknown',
-      context.model,
-      context.duration,
-      context.userPromptId,
-      context.authType,
-      response.usageMetadata,
-    );
-
-    logApiResponse(this.config, responseEvent);
-
-    // Log interaction if enabled
-    if (this.enableOpenAILogging && openaiRequest && openaiResponse) {
-      await this.logger.logInteraction(openaiRequest, openaiResponse);
-    }
-  }
-
-  async logError(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    error: unknown,
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-
-    // Log API error event for UI telemetry
-    const errorEvent = new ApiErrorEvent(
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-      (error as any)?.requestID || 'unknown',
-      context.model,
-      errorMessage,
-      context.duration,
-      context.userPromptId,
-      context.authType,
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-      (error as any)?.type,
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-      (error as any)?.code,
-    );
-    logApiError(this.config, errorEvent);
-
-    // Log error interaction if enabled
-    if (this.enableOpenAILogging && openaiRequest) {
-      await this.logger.logInteraction(
-        openaiRequest,
-        undefined,
-        error as Error,
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  async logStreamingSuccess(
-    context: RequestContext,
-    responses: GenerateContentResponse[],
-    openaiRequest?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionCreateParams,
-    openaiChunks?: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk[],
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    // Get final usage metadata from the last response that has it
-    const finalUsageMetadata = responses
-      .slice()
-      .reverse()
-      .find((r) => r.usageMetadata)?.usageMetadata;
-
-    // Log API response event for UI telemetry
-    const responseEvent = new ApiResponseEvent(
-      responses[responses.length - 1]?.responseId || 'unknown',
-      context.model,
-      context.duration,
-      context.userPromptId,
-      context.authType,
-      finalUsageMetadata,
-    );
-
-    logApiResponse(this.config, responseEvent);
-
-    // Log interaction if enabled - combine chunks only when needed
-    if (
-      this.enableOpenAILogging &&
-      openaiRequest &&
-      openaiChunks &&
-      openaiChunks.length > 0
-    ) {
-      const combinedResponse = this.combineOpenAIChunksForLogging(openaiChunks);
-      await this.logger.logInteraction(openaiRequest, combinedResponse);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Combine OpenAI chunks for logging purposes
-   * This method consolidates all OpenAI stream chunks into a single ChatCompletion response
-   * for telemetry and logging purposes, avoiding unnecessary format conversions
-   */
-  private combineOpenAIChunksForLogging(
-    chunks: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionChunk[],
-  ): OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion {
-    if (chunks.length === 0) {
-      throw new Error('No chunks to combine');
-    }
-
-    const firstChunk = chunks[0];
-
-    // Combine all content from chunks
-    let combinedContent = '';
-    const toolCalls: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessageToolCall[] = [];
-    let finishReason:
-      | 'stop'
-      | 'length'
-      | 'tool_calls'
-      | 'content_filter'
-      | 'function_call'
-      | null = null;
-    let combinedReasoning = '';
-    let usage:
-      | {
-          prompt_tokens: number;
-          completion_tokens: number;
-          total_tokens: number;
-        }
-      | undefined;
-
-    for (const chunk of chunks) {
-      const choice = chunk.choices?.[0];
-      if (choice) {
-        // Combine reasoning content
-        const reasoningContent = (choice.delta as ExtendedCompletionChunkDelta)
-          ?.reasoning_content;
-        if (reasoningContent) {
-          combinedReasoning += reasoningContent;
-        }
-        // Combine text content
-        if (choice.delta?.content) {
-          combinedContent += choice.delta.content;
-        }
-
-        // Collect tool calls
-        if (choice.delta?.tool_calls) {
-          for (const toolCall of choice.delta.tool_calls) {
-            if (toolCall.index !== undefined) {
-              if (!toolCalls[toolCall.index]) {
-                toolCalls[toolCall.index] = {
-                  id: toolCall.id || '',
-                  type: toolCall.type || 'function',
-                  function: { name: '', arguments: '' },
-                };
-              }
-
-              if (toolCall.function?.name) {
-                toolCalls[toolCall.index].function.name +=
-                  toolCall.function.name;
-              }
-              if (toolCall.function?.arguments) {
-                toolCalls[toolCall.index].function.arguments +=
-                  toolCall.function.arguments;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Get finish reason from the last chunk
-        if (choice.finish_reason) {
-          finishReason = choice.finish_reason;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Get usage from the last chunk that has it
-      if (chunk.usage) {
-        usage = chunk.usage;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Create the combined ChatCompletion response
-    const message: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletionMessage = {
-      role: 'assistant',
-      content: combinedContent || null,
-      refusal: null,
-    };
-    if (combinedReasoning) {
-      // Attach reasoning content if any thought tokens were streamed
-      (message as { reasoning_content?: string }).reasoning_content =
-        combinedReasoning;
-    }
-
-    // Add tool calls if any
-    if (toolCalls.length > 0) {
-      message.tool_calls = toolCalls.filter((tc) => tc.id); // Filter out empty tool calls
-    }
-
-    const combinedResponse: OpenAI.Chat.ChatCompletion = {
-      id: firstChunk.id,
-      object: 'chat.completion',
-      created: firstChunk.created,
-      model: firstChunk.model,
-      choices: [
-        {
-          index: 0,
-          message,
-          finish_reason: finishReason || 'stop',
-          logprobs: null,
-        },
-      ],
-      usage: usage || {
-        prompt_tokens: 0,
-        completion_tokens: 0,
-        total_tokens: 0,
-      },
-      system_fingerprint: firstChunk.system_fingerprint,
-    };
-
-    return combinedResponse;
-  }
-}

packages/core/src/index.ts

@@ -80,6 +80,9 @@ export * from './tools/tool-registry.js';
 // Export subagents (Phase 1)
 export * from './subagents/index.js';
 
+// Export skills
+export * from './skills/index.js';
+
 // Export prompt logic
 export * from './prompts/mcp-prompts.js';
 
@@ -101,6 +104,7 @@ export * from './tools/mcp-client-manager.js';
 export * from './tools/mcp-tool.js';
 export * from './tools/sdk-control-client-transport.js';
 export * from './tools/task.js';
+export * from './tools/skill.js';
 export * from './tools/todoWrite.js';
 export * from './tools/exitPlanMode.js';
 

packages/core/src/mcp/constants.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+/**
+ * OAuth client name used for MCP dynamic client registration.
+ * This name must match the allowlist on MCP servers like Figma.
+ */
+export const MCP_OAUTH_CLIENT_NAME = 'Gemini CLI MCP Client';
+
+/**
+ * OAuth client name for service account impersonation provider.
+ */
+export const MCP_SA_IMPERSONATION_CLIENT_NAME =
+  'Gemini CLI (Service Account Impersonation)';
+
+/**
+ * Port for OAuth redirect callback server.
+ */
+export const OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT = 7777;
+
+/**
+ * Path for OAuth redirect callback.
+ */
+export const OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH = '/oauth/callback';

packages/core/src/mcp/google-auth-provider.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type {
 } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/shared/auth.js';
 import { GoogleAuth } from 'google-auth-library';
 import type { MCPServerConfig } from '../config/config.js';
+import { MCP_OAUTH_CLIENT_NAME } from './constants.js';
 
 const ALLOWED_HOSTS = [/^.+\.googleapis\.com$/, /^(.*\.)?luci\.app$/];
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ export class GoogleCredentialProvider implements OAuthClientProvider {
   // Properties required by OAuthClientProvider, with no-op values
   readonly redirectUrl = '';
   readonly clientMetadata: OAuthClientMetadata = {
-    client_name: 'Gemini CLI (Google ADC)',
+    client_name: MCP_OAUTH_CLIENT_NAME,
     redirect_uris: [],
     grant_types: [],
     response_types: [],

packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-provider.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ import type { OAuthToken } from './token-storage/types.js';
 import { MCPOAuthTokenStorage } from './oauth-token-storage.js';
 import { getErrorMessage } from '../utils/errors.js';
 import { OAuthUtils } from './oauth-utils.js';
+import {
+  MCP_OAUTH_CLIENT_NAME,
+  OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT,
+  OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH,
+} from './constants.js';
 
 export const OAUTH_DISPLAY_MESSAGE_EVENT = 'oauth-display-message' as const;
 
@@ -89,8 +94,6 @@ interface PKCEParams {
   state: string;
 }
 
-const REDIRECT_PORT = 7777;
-const REDIRECT_PATH = '/oauth/callback';
 const HTTP_OK = 200;
 
 /**
@@ -115,10 +118,11 @@ export class MCPOAuthProvider {
     config: MCPOAuthConfig,
   ): Promise<OAuthClientRegistrationResponse> {
     const redirectUri =
-      config.redirectUri || `http://localhost:${REDIRECT_PORT}${REDIRECT_PATH}`;
+      config.redirectUri ||
+      `http://localhost:${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT}${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH}`;
 
     const registrationRequest: OAuthClientRegistrationRequest = {
-      client_name: 'Gemini CLI (Google ADC)',
+      client_name: MCP_OAUTH_CLIENT_NAME,
       redirect_uris: [redirectUri],
       grant_types: ['authorization_code', 'refresh_token'],
       response_types: ['code'],
@@ -192,9 +196,12 @@ export class MCPOAuthProvider {
       const server = http.createServer(
         async (req: http.IncomingMessage, res: http.ServerResponse) => {
           try {
-            const url = new URL(req.url!, `http://localhost:${REDIRECT_PORT}`);
+            const url = new URL(
+              req.url!,
+              `http://localhost:${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT}`,
+            );
 
-            if (url.pathname !== REDIRECT_PATH) {
+            if (url.pathname !== OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH) {
               res.writeHead(404);
               res.end('Not found');
               return;
@@ -257,8 +264,10 @@ export class MCPOAuthProvider {
       );
 
       server.on('error', reject);
-      server.listen(REDIRECT_PORT, () => {
-        console.log(`OAuth callback server listening on port ${REDIRECT_PORT}`);
+      server.listen(OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT, () => {
+        console.log(
+          `OAuth callback server listening on port ${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT}`,
+        );
       });
 
       // Timeout after 5 minutes
@@ -286,7 +295,8 @@ export class MCPOAuthProvider {
     mcpServerUrl?: string,
   ): string {
     const redirectUri =
-      config.redirectUri || `http://localhost:${REDIRECT_PORT}${REDIRECT_PATH}`;
+      config.redirectUri ||
+      `http://localhost:${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT}${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH}`;
 
     const params = new URLSearchParams({
       client_id: config.clientId!,
@@ -343,7 +353,8 @@ export class MCPOAuthProvider {
     mcpServerUrl?: string,
   ): Promise<OAuthTokenResponse> {
     const redirectUri =
-      config.redirectUri || `http://localhost:${REDIRECT_PORT}${REDIRECT_PATH}`;
+      config.redirectUri ||
+      `http://localhost:${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PORT}${OAUTH_REDIRECT_PATH}`;
 
     const params = new URLSearchParams({
       grant_type: 'authorization_code',

packages/core/src/mcp/sa-impersonation-provider.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type {
 import { GoogleAuth } from 'google-auth-library';
 import type { MCPServerConfig } from '../config/config.js';
 import type { OAuthClientProvider } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/auth.js';
+import { MCP_SA_IMPERSONATION_CLIENT_NAME } from './constants.js';
 
 const fiveMinBufferMs = 5 * 60 * 1000;
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ export class ServiceAccountImpersonationProvider
   // Properties required by OAuthClientProvider, with no-op values
   readonly redirectUrl = '';
   readonly clientMetadata: OAuthClientMetadata = {
-    client_name: 'Gemini CLI (Service Account Impersonation)',
+    client_name: MCP_SA_IMPERSONATION_CLIENT_NAME,
     redirect_uris: [],
     grant_types: [],
     response_types: [],

packages/core/src/skills/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @fileoverview Skills feature implementation
+ *
+ * This module provides the foundation for the skills feature, which allows
+ * users to define reusable skill configurations that can be loaded by the
+ * model via a dedicated Skills tool.
+ *
+ * Skills are stored as directories in `.qwen/skills/` (project-level) or
+ * `~/.qwen/skills/` (user-level), with each directory containing a SKILL.md
+ * file with YAML frontmatter for metadata.
+ */
+
+// Core types and interfaces
+export type {
+  SkillConfig,
+  SkillLevel,
+  SkillValidationResult,
+  ListSkillsOptions,
+  SkillErrorCode,
+} from './types.js';
+
+export { SkillError } from './types.js';
+
+// Main management class
+export { SkillManager } from './skill-manager.js';

packages/core/src/skills/skill-manager.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { vi, describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import * as fs from 'fs/promises';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import { SkillManager } from './skill-manager.js';
+import { type SkillConfig, SkillError } from './types.js';
+import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
+import { makeFakeConfig } from '../test-utils/config.js';
+
+// Mock file system operations
+vi.mock('fs/promises');
+vi.mock('os');
+
+// Mock yaml parser - use vi.hoisted for proper hoisting
+const mockParseYaml = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+
+vi.mock('../utils/yaml-parser.js', () => ({
+  parse: mockParseYaml,
+  stringify: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+describe('SkillManager', () => {
+  let manager: SkillManager;
+  let mockConfig: Config;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Create mock Config object using test utility
+    mockConfig = makeFakeConfig({});
+
+    // Mock the project root method
+    vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'getProjectRoot').mockReturnValue('/test/project');
+
+    // Mock os.homedir
+    vi.mocked(os.homedir).mockReturnValue('/home/user');
+
+    // Reset and setup mocks
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+
+    // Setup yaml parser mocks with sophisticated behavior
+    mockParseYaml.mockImplementation((yamlString: string) => {
+      // Handle different test cases based on YAML content
+      if (yamlString.includes('allowedTools:')) {
+        return {
+          name: 'test-skill',
+          description: 'A test skill',
+          allowedTools: ['read_file', 'write_file'],
+        };
+      }
+      if (yamlString.includes('name: skill1')) {
+        return { name: 'skill1', description: 'First skill' };
+      }
+      if (yamlString.includes('name: skill2')) {
+        return { name: 'skill2', description: 'Second skill' };
+      }
+      if (yamlString.includes('name: skill3')) {
+        return { name: 'skill3', description: 'Third skill' };
+      }
+      if (!yamlString.includes('name:')) {
+        return { description: 'A test skill' }; // Missing name case
+      }
+      if (!yamlString.includes('description:')) {
+        return { name: 'test-skill' }; // Missing description case
+      }
+      // Default case
+      return {
+        name: 'test-skill',
+        description: 'A test skill',
+      };
+    });
+
+    manager = new SkillManager(mockConfig);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  const validSkillConfig: SkillConfig = {
+    name: 'test-skill',
+    description: 'A test skill',
+    level: 'project',
+    filePath: '/test/project/.qwen/skills/test-skill/SKILL.md',
+    body: 'You are a helpful assistant with this skill.',
+  };
+
+  const validMarkdown = `---
+name: test-skill
+description: A test skill
+---
+
+You are a helpful assistant with this skill.
+`;
+
+  describe('parseSkillContent', () => {
+    it('should parse valid markdown content', () => {
+      const config = manager.parseSkillContent(
+        validMarkdown,
+        validSkillConfig.filePath,
+        'project',
+      );
+
+      expect(config.name).toBe('test-skill');
+      expect(config.description).toBe('A test skill');
+      expect(config.body).toBe('You are a helpful assistant with this skill.');
+      expect(config.level).toBe('project');
+      expect(config.filePath).toBe(validSkillConfig.filePath);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse content with allowedTools', () => {
+      const markdownWithTools = `---
+name: test-skill
+description: A test skill
+allowedTools:
+  - read_file
+  - write_file
+---
+
+You are a helpful assistant with this skill.
+`;
+
+      const config = manager.parseSkillContent(
+        markdownWithTools,
+        validSkillConfig.filePath,
+        'project',
+      );
+
+      expect(config.allowedTools).toEqual(['read_file', 'write_file']);
+    });
+
+    it('should determine level from file path', () => {
+      const projectPath = '/test/project/.qwen/skills/test-skill/SKILL.md';
+      const userPath = '/home/user/.qwen/skills/test-skill/SKILL.md';
+
+      const projectConfig = manager.parseSkillContent(
+        validMarkdown,
+        projectPath,
+        'project',
+      );
+      const userConfig = manager.parseSkillContent(
+        validMarkdown,
+        userPath,
+        'user',
+      );
+
+      expect(projectConfig.level).toBe('project');
+      expect(userConfig.level).toBe('user');
+    });
+
+    it('should throw error for invalid frontmatter format', () => {
+      const invalidMarkdown = `No frontmatter here
+Just content`;
+
+      expect(() =>
+        manager.parseSkillContent(
+          invalidMarkdown,
+          validSkillConfig.filePath,
+          'project',
+        ),
+      ).toThrow(SkillError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw error for missing name', () => {
+      const markdownWithoutName = `---
+description: A test skill
+---
+
+You are a helpful assistant.
+`;
+
+      expect(() =>
+        manager.parseSkillContent(
+          markdownWithoutName,
+          validSkillConfig.filePath,
+          'project',
+        ),
+      ).toThrow(SkillError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw error for missing description', () => {
+      const markdownWithoutDescription = `---
+name: test-skill
+---
+
+You are a helpful assistant.
+`;
+
+      expect(() =>
+        manager.parseSkillContent(
+          markdownWithoutDescription,
+          validSkillConfig.filePath,
+          'project',
+        ),
+      ).toThrow(SkillError);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('validateConfig', () => {
+    it('should validate valid configuration', () => {
+      const result = manager.validateConfig(validSkillConfig);
+
+      expect(result.isValid).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.errors).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should report error for missing name', () => {
+      const invalidConfig = { ...validSkillConfig, name: '' };
+      const result = manager.validateConfig(invalidConfig);
+
+      expect(result.isValid).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.errors).toContain('"name" cannot be empty');
+    });
+
+    it('should report error for missing description', () => {
+      const invalidConfig = { ...validSkillConfig, description: '' };
+      const result = manager.validateConfig(invalidConfig);
+
+      expect(result.isValid).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.errors).toContain('"description" cannot be empty');
+    });
+
+    it('should report error for invalid allowedTools type', () => {
+      const invalidConfig = {
+        ...validSkillConfig,
+        allowedTools: 'not-an-array' as unknown as string[],
+      };
+      const result = manager.validateConfig(invalidConfig);
+
+      expect(result.isValid).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.errors).toContain('"allowedTools" must be an array');
+    });
+
+    it('should warn for empty body', () => {
+      const configWithEmptyBody = { ...validSkillConfig, body: '' };
+      const result = manager.validateConfig(configWithEmptyBody);
+
+      expect(result.isValid).toBe(true); // Still valid
+      expect(result.warnings).toContain('Skill body is empty');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('loadSkill', () => {
+    it('should load skill from project level first', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValue([
+        { name: 'test-skill', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+      ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>);
+      vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+      vi.mocked(fs.readFile).mockResolvedValue(validMarkdown);
+
+      const config = await manager.loadSkill('test-skill');
+
+      expect(config).toBeDefined();
+      expect(config!.name).toBe('test-skill');
+    });
+
+    it('should fall back to user level if project level fails', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir)
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Project dir not found')) // project level fails
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce([
+          { name: 'test-skill', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+        ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>); // user level succeeds
+      vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+      vi.mocked(fs.readFile).mockResolvedValue(validMarkdown);
+
+      const config = await manager.loadSkill('test-skill');
+
+      expect(config).toBeDefined();
+      expect(config!.name).toBe('test-skill');
+    });
+
+    it('should return null if not found at either level', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockRejectedValue(new Error('Directory not found'));
+
+      const config = await manager.loadSkill('nonexistent');
+
+      expect(config).toBeNull();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('loadSkillForRuntime', () => {
+    it('should load skill for runtime', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValueOnce([
+        { name: 'test-skill', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+      ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>);
+
+      vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+      vi.mocked(fs.readFile).mockResolvedValue(validMarkdown); // SKILL.md
+
+      const config = await manager.loadSkillForRuntime('test-skill');
+
+      expect(config).toBeDefined();
+      expect(config!.name).toBe('test-skill');
+    });
+
+    it('should return null if skill not found', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockRejectedValue(new Error('Directory not found'));
+
+      const config = await manager.loadSkillForRuntime('nonexistent');
+
+      expect(config).toBeNull();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('listSkills', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      // Mock directory listing for skills directories (with Dirent objects)
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce([
+          { name: 'skill1', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+          { name: 'skill2', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+          {
+            name: 'not-a-dir.txt',
+            isDirectory: () => false,
+            isFile: () => true,
+          },
+        ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce([
+          { name: 'skill3', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+          { name: 'skill1', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+        ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>);
+
+      vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+      // Mock file reading for valid skills
+      vi.mocked(fs.readFile).mockImplementation((filePath) => {
+        const pathStr = String(filePath);
+        if (pathStr.includes('skill1')) {
+          return Promise.resolve(`---
+name: skill1
+description: First skill
+---
+Skill 1 content`);
+        } else if (pathStr.includes('skill2')) {
+          return Promise.resolve(`---
+name: skill2
+description: Second skill
+---
+Skill 2 content`);
+        } else if (pathStr.includes('skill3')) {
+          return Promise.resolve(`---
+name: skill3
+description: Third skill
+---
+Skill 3 content`);
+        }
+        return Promise.reject(new Error('File not found'));
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should list skills from both levels', async () => {
+      const skills = await manager.listSkills();
+
+      expect(skills).toHaveLength(3); // skill1 (project takes precedence), skill2, skill3
+      expect(skills.map((s) => s.name).sort()).toEqual([
+        'skill1',
+        'skill2',
+        'skill3',
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should prioritize project level over user level', async () => {
+      const skills = await manager.listSkills();
+      const skill1 = skills.find((s) => s.name === 'skill1');
+
+      expect(skill1!.level).toBe('project');
+    });
+
+    it('should filter by level', async () => {
+      const projectSkills = await manager.listSkills({
+        level: 'project',
+      });
+
+      expect(projectSkills).toHaveLength(2); // skill1, skill2
+      expect(projectSkills.every((s) => s.level === 'project')).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle empty directories', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockReset();
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValue(
+        [] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>,
+      );
+
+      const skills = await manager.listSkills({ force: true });
+
+      expect(skills).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle directory read errors', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockReset();
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockRejectedValue(new Error('Directory not found'));
+
+      const skills = await manager.listSkills({ force: true });
+
+      expect(skills).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getSkillsBaseDir', () => {
+    it('should return project-level base dir', () => {
+      const baseDir = manager.getSkillsBaseDir('project');
+
+      expect(baseDir).toBe(path.join('/test/project', '.qwen', 'skills'));
+    });
+
+    it('should return user-level base dir', () => {
+      const baseDir = manager.getSkillsBaseDir('user');
+
+      expect(baseDir).toBe(path.join('/home/user', '.qwen', 'skills'));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('change listeners', () => {
+    it('should notify listeners when cache is refreshed', async () => {
+      const listener = vi.fn();
+      manager.addChangeListener(listener);
+
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValue(
+        [] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>,
+      );
+
+      await manager.refreshCache();
+
+      expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('should remove listener when cleanup function is called', async () => {
+      const listener = vi.fn();
+      const removeListener = manager.addChangeListener(listener);
+
+      removeListener();
+
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValue(
+        [] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>,
+      );
+
+      await manager.refreshCache();
+
+      expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('parse errors', () => {
+    it('should track parse errors', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.readdir).mockResolvedValue([
+        { name: 'bad-skill', isDirectory: () => true, isFile: () => false },
+      ] as unknown as Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fs.readdir>>);
+      vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+      vi.mocked(fs.readFile).mockResolvedValue(
+        'invalid content without frontmatter',
+      );
+
+      await manager.listSkills({ force: true });
+
+      const errors = manager.getParseErrors();
+      expect(errors.size).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/skills/skill-manager.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'fs/promises';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import { parse as parseYaml } from '../utils/yaml-parser.js';
+import type {
+  SkillConfig,
+  SkillLevel,
+  ListSkillsOptions,
+  SkillValidationResult,
+} from './types.js';
+import { SkillError, SkillErrorCode } from './types.js';
+import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
+
+const QWEN_CONFIG_DIR = '.qwen';
+const SKILLS_CONFIG_DIR = 'skills';
+const SKILL_MANIFEST_FILE = 'SKILL.md';
+
+/**
+ * Manages skill configurations stored as directories containing SKILL.md files.
+ * Provides discovery, parsing, validation, and caching for skills.
+ */
+export class SkillManager {
+  private skillsCache: Map<SkillLevel, SkillConfig[]> | null = null;
+  private readonly changeListeners: Set<() => void> = new Set();
+  private parseErrors: Map<string, SkillError> = new Map();
+
+  constructor(private readonly config: Config) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Adds a listener that will be called when skills change.
+   * @returns A function to remove the listener.
+   */
+  addChangeListener(listener: () => void): () => void {
+    this.changeListeners.add(listener);
+    return () => {
+      this.changeListeners.delete(listener);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Notifies all registered change listeners.
+   */
+  private notifyChangeListeners(): void {
+    for (const listener of this.changeListeners) {
+      try {
+        listener();
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.warn('Skill change listener threw an error:', error);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets any parse errors that occurred during skill loading.
+   * @returns Map of skill paths to their parse errors.
+   */
+  getParseErrors(): Map<string, SkillError> {
+    return new Map(this.parseErrors);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lists all available skills.
+   *
+   * @param options - Filtering options
+   * @returns Array of skill configurations
+   */
+  async listSkills(options: ListSkillsOptions = {}): Promise<SkillConfig[]> {
+    const skills: SkillConfig[] = [];
+    const seenNames = new Set<string>();
+
+    const levelsToCheck: SkillLevel[] = options.level
+      ? [options.level]
+      : ['project', 'user'];
+
+    // Check if we should use cache or force refresh
+    const shouldUseCache = !options.force && this.skillsCache !== null;
+
+    // Initialize cache if it doesn't exist or we're forcing a refresh
+    if (!shouldUseCache) {
+      await this.refreshCache();
+    }
+
+    // Collect skills from each level (project takes precedence over user)
+    for (const level of levelsToCheck) {
+      const levelSkills = this.skillsCache?.get(level) || [];
+
+      for (const skill of levelSkills) {
+        // Skip if we've already seen this name (precedence: project > user)
+        if (seenNames.has(skill.name)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        skills.push(skill);
+        seenNames.add(skill.name);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Sort by name for consistent ordering
+    skills.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
+
+    return skills;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Loads a skill configuration by name.
+   * If level is specified, only searches that level.
+   * If level is omitted, searches project-level first, then user-level.
+   *
+   * @param name - Name of the skill to load
+   * @param level - Optional level to limit search to
+   * @returns SkillConfig or null if not found
+   */
+  async loadSkill(
+    name: string,
+    level?: SkillLevel,
+  ): Promise<SkillConfig | null> {
+    if (level) {
+      return this.findSkillByNameAtLevel(name, level);
+    }
+
+    // Try project level first
+    const projectSkill = await this.findSkillByNameAtLevel(name, 'project');
+    if (projectSkill) {
+      return projectSkill;
+    }
+
+    // Try user level
+    return this.findSkillByNameAtLevel(name, 'user');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Loads a skill with its full content, ready for runtime use.
+   * This includes loading additional files from the skill directory.
+   *
+   * @param name - Name of the skill to load
+   * @param level - Optional level to limit search to
+   * @returns SkillConfig or null if not found
+   */
+  async loadSkillForRuntime(
+    name: string,
+    level?: SkillLevel,
+  ): Promise<SkillConfig | null> {
+    const skill = await this.loadSkill(name, level);
+    if (!skill) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return skill;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates a skill configuration.
+   *
+   * @param config - Configuration to validate
+   * @returns Validation result
+   */
+  validateConfig(config: Partial<SkillConfig>): SkillValidationResult {
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const warnings: string[] = [];
+
+    // Check required fields
+    if (typeof config.name !== 'string') {
+      errors.push('Missing or invalid "name" field');
+    } else if (config.name.trim() === '') {
+      errors.push('"name" cannot be empty');
+    }
+
+    if (typeof config.description !== 'string') {
+      errors.push('Missing or invalid "description" field');
+    } else if (config.description.trim() === '') {
+      errors.push('"description" cannot be empty');
+    }
+
+    // Validate allowedTools if present
+    if (config.allowedTools !== undefined) {
+      if (!Array.isArray(config.allowedTools)) {
+        errors.push('"allowedTools" must be an array');
+      } else {
+        for (const tool of config.allowedTools) {
+          if (typeof tool !== 'string') {
+            errors.push('"allowedTools" must contain only strings');
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Warn if body is empty
+    if (!config.body || config.body.trim() === '') {
+      warnings.push('Skill body is empty');
+    }
+
+    return {
+      isValid: errors.length === 0,
+      errors,
+      warnings,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refreshes the skills cache by loading all skills from disk.
+   */
+  async refreshCache(): Promise<void> {
+    const skillsCache = new Map<SkillLevel, SkillConfig[]>();
+    this.parseErrors.clear();
+
+    const levels: SkillLevel[] = ['project', 'user'];
+
+    for (const level of levels) {
+      const levelSkills = await this.listSkillsAtLevel(level);
+      skillsCache.set(level, levelSkills);
+    }
+
+    this.skillsCache = skillsCache;
+    this.notifyChangeListeners();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses a SKILL.md file and returns the configuration.
+   *
+   * @param filePath - Path to the SKILL.md file
+   * @param level - Storage level
+   * @returns SkillConfig
+   * @throws SkillError if parsing fails
+   */
+  parseSkillFile(filePath: string, level: SkillLevel): Promise<SkillConfig> {
+    return this.parseSkillFileInternal(filePath, level);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal implementation of skill file parsing.
+   */
+  private async parseSkillFileInternal(
+    filePath: string,
+    level: SkillLevel,
+  ): Promise<SkillConfig> {
+    let content: string;
+
+    try {
+      content = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+    } catch (error) {
+      const skillError = new SkillError(
+        `Failed to read skill file: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        SkillErrorCode.FILE_ERROR,
+      );
+      this.parseErrors.set(filePath, skillError);
+      throw skillError;
+    }
+
+    return this.parseSkillContent(content, filePath, level);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses skill content from a string.
+   *
+   * @param content - File content
+   * @param filePath - File path for error reporting
+   * @param level - Storage level
+   * @returns SkillConfig
+   * @throws SkillError if parsing fails
+   */
+  parseSkillContent(
+    content: string,
+    filePath: string,
+    level: SkillLevel,
+  ): SkillConfig {
+    try {
+      // Split frontmatter and content
+      const frontmatterRegex = /^---\n([\s\S]*?)\n---\n([\s\S]*)$/;
+      const match = content.match(frontmatterRegex);
+
+      if (!match) {
+        throw new Error('Invalid format: missing YAML frontmatter');
+      }
+
+      const [, frontmatterYaml, body] = match;
+
+      // Parse YAML frontmatter
+      const frontmatter = parseYaml(frontmatterYaml) as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+      // Extract required fields
+      const nameRaw = frontmatter['name'];
+      const descriptionRaw = frontmatter['description'];
+
+      if (nameRaw == null || nameRaw === '') {
+        throw new Error('Missing "name" in frontmatter');
+      }
+
+      if (descriptionRaw == null || descriptionRaw === '') {
+        throw new Error('Missing "description" in frontmatter');
+      }
+
+      // Convert to strings
+      const name = String(nameRaw);
+      const description = String(descriptionRaw);
+
+      // Extract optional fields
+      const allowedToolsRaw = frontmatter['allowedTools'] as
+        | unknown[]
+        | undefined;
+      let allowedTools: string[] | undefined;
+
+      if (allowedToolsRaw !== undefined) {
+        if (Array.isArray(allowedToolsRaw)) {
+          allowedTools = allowedToolsRaw.map(String);
+        } else {
+          throw new Error('"allowedTools" must be an array');
+        }
+      }
+
+      const config: SkillConfig = {
+        name,
+        description,
+        allowedTools,
+        level,
+        filePath,
+        body: body.trim(),
+      };
+
+      // Validate the parsed configuration
+      const validation = this.validateConfig(config);
+      if (!validation.isValid) {
+        throw new Error(`Validation failed: ${validation.errors.join(', ')}`);
+      }
+
+      return config;
+    } catch (error) {
+      const skillError = new SkillError(
+        `Failed to parse skill file: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        SkillErrorCode.PARSE_ERROR,
+      );
+      this.parseErrors.set(filePath, skillError);
+      throw skillError;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the base directory for skills at a specific level.
+   *
+   * @param level - Storage level
+   * @returns Absolute directory path
+   */
+  getSkillsBaseDir(level: SkillLevel): string {
+    const baseDir =
+      level === 'project'
+        ? path.join(
+            this.config.getProjectRoot(),
+            QWEN_CONFIG_DIR,
+            SKILLS_CONFIG_DIR,
+          )
+        : path.join(os.homedir(), QWEN_CONFIG_DIR, SKILLS_CONFIG_DIR);
+
+    return baseDir;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lists skills at a specific level.
+   *
+   * @param level - Storage level to scan
+   * @returns Array of skill configurations
+   */
+  private async listSkillsAtLevel(level: SkillLevel): Promise<SkillConfig[]> {
+    const projectRoot = this.config.getProjectRoot();
+    const homeDir = os.homedir();
+    const isHomeDirectory = path.resolve(projectRoot) === path.resolve(homeDir);
+
+    // If project level is requested but project root is same as home directory,
+    // return empty array to avoid conflicts between project and global skills
+    if (level === 'project' && isHomeDirectory) {
+      return [];
+    }
+
+    const baseDir = this.getSkillsBaseDir(level);
+
+    try {
+      const entries = await fs.readdir(baseDir, { withFileTypes: true });
+      const skills: SkillConfig[] = [];
+
+      for (const entry of entries) {
+        // Only process directories (each skill is a directory)
+        if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue;
+
+        const skillDir = path.join(baseDir, entry.name);
+        const skillManifest = path.join(skillDir, SKILL_MANIFEST_FILE);
+
+        try {
+          // Check if SKILL.md exists
+          await fs.access(skillManifest);
+
+          const config = await this.parseSkillFileInternal(
+            skillManifest,
+            level,
+          );
+          skills.push(config);
+        } catch (error) {
+          // Skip directories without valid SKILL.md
+          if (error instanceof SkillError) {
+            // Parse error was already recorded
+            console.warn(
+              `Failed to parse skill at ${skillDir}: ${error.message}`,
+            );
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return skills;
+    } catch (_error) {
+      // Directory doesn't exist or can't be read
+      return [];
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finds a skill by name at a specific level.
+   *
+   * @param name - Name of the skill to find
+   * @param level - Storage level to search
+   * @returns SkillConfig or null if not found
+   */
+  private async findSkillByNameAtLevel(
+    name: string,
+    level: SkillLevel,
+  ): Promise<SkillConfig | null> {
+    await this.ensureLevelCache(level);
+
+    const levelSkills = this.skillsCache?.get(level) || [];
+
+    // Find the skill with matching name
+    return levelSkills.find((skill) => skill.name === name) || null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures the cache is populated for a specific level without loading other levels.
+   */
+  private async ensureLevelCache(level: SkillLevel): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.skillsCache) {
+      this.skillsCache = new Map<SkillLevel, SkillConfig[]>();
+    }
+
+    if (!this.skillsCache.has(level)) {
+      const levelSkills = await this.listSkillsAtLevel(level);
+      this.skillsCache.set(level, levelSkills);
+    }
+  }
+}

packages/core/src/skills/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Represents the storage level for a skill configuration.
+ * - 'project': Stored in `.qwen/skills/` within the project directory
+ * - 'user': Stored in `~/.qwen/skills/` in the user's home directory
+ */
+export type SkillLevel = 'project' | 'user';
+
+/**
+ * Core configuration for a skill as stored in SKILL.md files.
+ * Each skill directory contains a SKILL.md file with YAML frontmatter
+ * containing metadata, followed by markdown content describing the skill.
+ */
+export interface SkillConfig {
+  /** Unique name identifier for the skill */
+  name: string;
+
+  /** Human-readable description of what this skill provides */
+  description: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional list of tool names that this skill is allowed to use.
+   * For v1, this is informational only (no gating).
+   */
+  allowedTools?: string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Storage level - determines where the configuration file is stored
+   */
+  level: SkillLevel;
+
+  /**
+   * Absolute path to the skill directory containing SKILL.md
+   */
+  filePath: string;
+
+  /**
+   * The markdown body content from SKILL.md (after the frontmatter)
+   */
+  body: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runtime configuration for a skill when it's being actively used.
+ * Extends SkillConfig with additional runtime-specific fields.
+ */
+export type SkillRuntimeConfig = SkillConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Result of a validation operation on a skill configuration.
+ */
+export interface SkillValidationResult {
+  /** Whether the configuration is valid */
+  isValid: boolean;
+
+  /** Array of error messages if validation failed */
+  errors: string[];
+
+  /** Array of warning messages (non-blocking issues) */
+  warnings: string[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Options for listing skills.
+ */
+export interface ListSkillsOptions {
+  /** Filter by storage level */
+  level?: SkillLevel;
+
+  /** Force refresh from disk, bypassing cache. Defaults to false. */
+  force?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Error thrown when a skill operation fails.
+ */
+export class SkillError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    readonly code: SkillErrorCode,
+    readonly skillName?: string,
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'SkillError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Error codes for skill operations.
+ */
+export const SkillErrorCode = {
+  NOT_FOUND: 'NOT_FOUND',
+  INVALID_CONFIG: 'INVALID_CONFIG',
+  INVALID_NAME: 'INVALID_NAME',
+  FILE_ERROR: 'FILE_ERROR',
+  PARSE_ERROR: 'PARSE_ERROR',
+} as const;
+
+export type SkillErrorCode =
+  (typeof SkillErrorCode)[keyof typeof SkillErrorCode];

packages/core/src/telemetry/constants.ts

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export const EVENT_MALFORMED_JSON_RESPONSE =
 export const EVENT_FILE_OPERATION = 'qwen-code.file_operation';
 export const EVENT_MODEL_SLASH_COMMAND = 'qwen-code.slash_command.model';
 export const EVENT_SUBAGENT_EXECUTION = 'qwen-code.subagent_execution';
+export const EVENT_SKILL_LAUNCH = 'qwen-code.skill_launch';
 export const EVENT_AUTH = 'qwen-code.auth';
 
 // Performance Events

packages/core/src/telemetry/index.ts

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export {
   logRipgrepFallback,
   logNextSpeakerCheck,
   logAuth,
+  logSkillLaunch,
 } from './loggers.js';
 export type { SlashCommandEvent, ChatCompressionEvent } from './types.js';
 export {
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ export {
   RipgrepFallbackEvent,
   NextSpeakerCheckEvent,
   AuthEvent,
+  SkillLaunchEvent,
 } from './types.js';
 export { makeSlashCommandEvent, makeChatCompressionEvent } from './types.js';
 export type { TelemetryEvent } from './types.js';

packages/core/src/telemetry/loggers.test.ts

@@ -200,6 +200,8 @@ describe('loggers', () => {
           mcp_tools: undefined,
           mcp_tools_count: undefined,
           output_format: 'json',
+          skills: undefined,
+          subagents: undefined,
         },
       });
     });
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ describe('loggers', () => {
           'event.timestamp': '2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
           prompt_length: 11,
           prompt_id: 'prompt-id-9',
-          auth_type: 'gemini-api-key',
+          auth_type: 'gemini',
         },
       });
     });
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ describe('loggers', () => {
           total_token_count: 0,
           response_text: 'test-response',
           prompt_id: 'prompt-id-1',
-          auth_type: 'gemini-api-key',
+          auth_type: 'gemini',
         },
       });
 

packages/core/src/telemetry/loggers.ts

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import {
   EVENT_MALFORMED_JSON_RESPONSE,
   EVENT_INVALID_CHUNK,
   EVENT_AUTH,
+  EVENT_SKILL_LAUNCH,
 } from './constants.js';
 import {
   recordApiErrorMetrics,
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ import type {
   MalformedJsonResponseEvent,
   InvalidChunkEvent,
   AuthEvent,
+  SkillLaunchEvent,
 } from './types.js';
 import type { UiEvent } from './uiTelemetry.js';
 import { uiTelemetryService } from './uiTelemetry.js';
@@ -123,6 +125,8 @@ export function logStartSession(
     mcp_tools: event.mcp_tools,
     mcp_tools_count: event.mcp_tools_count,
     output_format: event.output_format,
+    skills: event.skills,
+    subagents: event.subagents,
   };
 
   const logger = logs.getLogger(SERVICE_NAME);
@@ -865,3 +869,21 @@ export function logAuth(config: Config, event: AuthEvent): void {
   };
   logger.emit(logRecord);
 }
+
+export function logSkillLaunch(config: Config, event: SkillLaunchEvent): void {
+  if (!isTelemetrySdkInitialized()) return;
+
+  const attributes: LogAttributes = {
+    ...getCommonAttributes(config),
+    ...event,
+    'event.name': EVENT_SKILL_LAUNCH,
+    'event.timestamp': new Date().toISOString(),
+  };
+
+  const logger = logs.getLogger(SERVICE_NAME);
+  const logRecord: LogRecord = {
+    body: `Skill launch: ${event.skill_name}. Success: ${event.success}.`,
+    attributes,
+  };
+  logger.emit(logRecord);
+}

packages/core/src/telemetry/qwen-logger/qwen-logger.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import type {
   ModelSlashCommandEvent,
   ExtensionDisableEvent,
   AuthEvent,
+  SkillLaunchEvent,
   RipgrepFallbackEvent,
   EndSessionEvent,
 } from '../types.js';
@@ -391,6 +392,8 @@ export class QwenLogger {
         telemetry_enabled: event.telemetry_enabled,
         telemetry_log_user_prompts_enabled:
           event.telemetry_log_user_prompts_enabled,
+        skills: event.skills,
+        subagents: event.subagents,
       },
     });
 
@@ -827,6 +830,18 @@ export class QwenLogger {
     this.flushIfNeeded();
   }
 
+  logSkillLaunchEvent(event: SkillLaunchEvent): void {
+    const rumEvent = this.createActionEvent('misc', 'skill_launch', {
+      properties: {
+        skill_name: event.skill_name,
+        success: event.success ? 1 : 0,
+      },
+    });
+
+    this.enqueueLogEvent(rumEvent);
+    this.flushIfNeeded();
+  }
+
   logChatCompressionEvent(event: ChatCompressionEvent): void {
     const rumEvent = this.createActionEvent('misc', 'chat_compression', {
       properties: {

packages/core/src/telemetry/types.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ import {
 import type { FileOperation } from './metrics.js';
 export { ToolCallDecision };
 import type { OutputFormat } from '../output/types.js';
+import { ToolNames } from '../tools/tool-names.js';
+import type { SkillTool } from '../tools/skill.js';
+import type { TaskTool } from '../tools/task.js';
 
 export interface BaseTelemetryEvent {
   'event.name': string;
@@ -47,6 +50,8 @@ export class StartSessionEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
   mcp_tools_count?: number;
   mcp_tools?: string;
   output_format: OutputFormat;
+  skills?: string;
+  subagents?: string;
 
   constructor(config: Config) {
     const generatorConfig = config.getContentGeneratorConfig();
@@ -79,6 +84,7 @@ export class StartSessionEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
       config.getFileFilteringRespectGitIgnore();
     this.mcp_servers_count = mcpServers ? Object.keys(mcpServers).length : 0;
     this.output_format = config.getOutputFormat();
+
     if (toolRegistry) {
       const mcpTools = toolRegistry
         .getAllTools()
@@ -87,6 +93,22 @@ export class StartSessionEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
       this.mcp_tools = mcpTools
         .map((tool) => (tool as DiscoveredMCPTool).name)
         .join(',');
+
+      const skillTool = toolRegistry.getTool(ToolNames.SKILL) as
+        | SkillTool
+        | undefined;
+      const skillNames = skillTool?.getAvailableSkillNames?.();
+      if (skillNames && skillNames.length > 0) {
+        this.skills = skillNames.join(',');
+      }
+
+      const taskTool = toolRegistry.getTool(ToolNames.TASK) as
+        | TaskTool
+        | undefined;
+      const subagentNames = taskTool?.getAvailableSubagentNames?.();
+      if (subagentNames && subagentNames.length > 0) {
+        this.subagents = subagentNames.join(',');
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -721,6 +743,20 @@ export class AuthEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
   }
 }
 
+export class SkillLaunchEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
+  'event.name': 'skill_launch';
+  'event.timestamp': string;
+  skill_name: string;
+  success: boolean;
+
+  constructor(skill_name: string, success: boolean) {
+    this['event.name'] = 'skill_launch';
+    this['event.timestamp'] = new Date().toISOString();
+    this.skill_name = skill_name;
+    this.success = success;
+  }
+}
+
 export type TelemetryEvent =
   | StartSessionEvent
   | EndSessionEvent
@@ -749,7 +785,8 @@ export type TelemetryEvent =
   | ExtensionUninstallEvent
   | ToolOutputTruncatedEvent
   | ModelSlashCommandEvent
-  | AuthEvent;
+  | AuthEvent
+  | SkillLaunchEvent;
 
 export class ExtensionDisableEvent implements BaseTelemetryEvent {
   'event.name': 'extension_disable';

packages/core/src/tools/ls.test.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ describe('LSTool', () => {
       tempSecondaryDir,
     ]);
 
+    const userSkillsBase = path.join(os.homedir(), '.qwen', 'skills');
+
     mockConfig = {
       getTargetDir: () => tempRootDir,
       getWorkspaceContext: () => mockWorkspaceContext,
@@ -39,6 +41,9 @@ describe('LSTool', () => {
         respectGitIgnore: true,
         respectQwenIgnore: true,
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getUserSkillsDir: () => userSkillsBase,
+      },
     } as unknown as Config;
 
     lsTool = new LSTool(mockConfig);
@@ -288,7 +293,7 @@ describe('LSTool', () => {
       };
       const invocation = lsTool.build(params);
       const description = invocation.getDescription();
-      const expected = path.relative(tempRootDir, params.path);
+      const expected = path.resolve(params.path);
       expect(description).toBe(expected);
     });
   });

packages/core/src/tools/ls.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import path from 'node:path';
 import type { ToolInvocation, ToolResult } from './tools.js';
 import { BaseDeclarativeTool, BaseToolInvocation, Kind } from './tools.js';
 import { makeRelative, shortenPath } from '../utils/paths.js';
+import { isSubpath } from '../utils/paths.js';
 import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
 import { DEFAULT_FILE_FILTERING_OPTIONS } from '../config/constants.js';
 import { ToolErrorType } from './tool-error.js';
@@ -311,8 +312,14 @@ export class LSTool extends BaseDeclarativeTool<LSToolParams, ToolResult> {
       return `Path must be absolute: ${params.path}`;
     }
 
+    const userSkillsBase = this.config.storage.getUserSkillsDir();
+    const isUnderUserSkills = isSubpath(userSkillsBase, params.path);
+
     const workspaceContext = this.config.getWorkspaceContext();
-    if (!workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(params.path)) {
+    if (
+      !workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(params.path) &&
+      !isUnderUserSkills
+    ) {
       const directories = workspaceContext.getDirectories();
       return `Path must be within one of the workspace directories: ${directories.join(
         ', ',

packages/core/src/tools/read-file.test.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ describe('ReadFileTool', () => {
       getWorkspaceContext: () => createMockWorkspaceContext(tempRootDir),
       storage: {
         getProjectTempDir: () => path.join(tempRootDir, '.temp'),
+        getUserSkillsDir: () => path.join(os.homedir(), '.qwen', 'skills'),
       },
       getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () => 2500,
       getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => 500,

packages/core/src/tools/read-file.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { FileOperation } from '../telemetry/metrics.js';
 import { getProgrammingLanguage } from '../telemetry/telemetry-utils.js';
 import { logFileOperation } from '../telemetry/loggers.js';
 import { FileOperationEvent } from '../telemetry/types.js';
+import { isSubpath } from '../utils/paths.js';
 
 /**
  * Parameters for the ReadFile tool
@@ -183,15 +184,20 @@ export class ReadFileTool extends BaseDeclarativeTool<
 
     const workspaceContext = this.config.getWorkspaceContext();
     const projectTempDir = this.config.storage.getProjectTempDir();
+    const userSkillsDir = this.config.storage.getUserSkillsDir();
     const resolvedFilePath = path.resolve(filePath);
-    const resolvedProjectTempDir = path.resolve(projectTempDir);
-    const isWithinTempDir =
-      resolvedFilePath.startsWith(resolvedProjectTempDir + path.sep) ||
-      resolvedFilePath === resolvedProjectTempDir;
+    const isWithinTempDir = isSubpath(projectTempDir, resolvedFilePath);
+    const isWithinUserSkills = isSubpath(userSkillsDir, resolvedFilePath);
 
-    if (!workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(filePath) && !isWithinTempDir) {
+    if (
+      !workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(filePath) &&
+      !isWithinTempDir &&
+      !isWithinUserSkills
+    ) {
       const directories = workspaceContext.getDirectories();
-      return `File path must be within one of the workspace directories: ${directories.join(', ')} or within the project temp directory: ${projectTempDir}`;
+      return `File path must be within one of the workspace directories: ${directories.join(
+        ', ',
+      )} or within the project temp directory: ${projectTempDir}`;
     }
     if (params.offset !== undefined && params.offset < 0) {
       return 'Offset must be a non-negative number';

packages/core/src/tools/skill.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { SkillTool, type SkillParams } from './skill.js';
+import type { PartListUnion } from '@google/genai';
+import type { ToolResultDisplay } from './tools.js';
+import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
+import { SkillManager } from '../skills/skill-manager.js';
+import type { SkillConfig } from '../skills/types.js';
+import { partToString } from '../utils/partUtils.js';
+
+// Type for accessing protected methods in tests
+type SkillToolWithProtectedMethods = SkillTool & {
+  createInvocation: (params: SkillParams) => {
+    execute: (
+      signal?: AbortSignal,
+      updateOutput?: (output: ToolResultDisplay) => void,
+    ) => Promise<{
+      llmContent: PartListUnion;
+      returnDisplay: ToolResultDisplay;
+    }>;
+    getDescription: () => string;
+    shouldConfirmExecute: () => Promise<boolean>;
+  };
+};
+
+// Mock dependencies
+vi.mock('../skills/skill-manager.js');
+vi.mock('../telemetry/index.js', () => ({
+  logSkillLaunch: vi.fn(),
+  SkillLaunchEvent: class {
+    constructor(
+      public skill_name: string,
+      public success: boolean,
+    ) {}
+  },
+}));
+
+const MockedSkillManager = vi.mocked(SkillManager);
+
+describe('SkillTool', () => {
+  let config: Config;
+  let skillTool: SkillTool;
+  let mockSkillManager: SkillManager;
+  let changeListeners: Array<() => void>;
+
+  const mockSkills: SkillConfig[] = [
+    {
+      name: 'code-review',
+      description: 'Specialized skill for reviewing code quality',
+      level: 'project',
+      filePath: '/project/.qwen/skills/code-review/SKILL.md',
+      body: 'Review code for quality and best practices.',
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'testing',
+      description: 'Skill for writing and running tests',
+      level: 'user',
+      filePath: '/home/user/.qwen/skills/testing/SKILL.md',
+      body: 'Help write comprehensive tests.',
+      allowedTools: ['read_file', 'write_file', 'shell'],
+    },
+  ];
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    // Setup fake timers
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+
+    // Create mock config
+    config = {
+      getProjectRoot: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('/test/project'),
+      getSessionId: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('test-session-id'),
+      getSkillManager: vi.fn(),
+      getGeminiClient: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(undefined),
+    } as unknown as Config;
+
+    changeListeners = [];
+
+    // Setup SkillManager mock
+    mockSkillManager = {
+      listSkills: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockSkills),
+      loadSkill: vi.fn(),
+      loadSkillForRuntime: vi.fn(),
+      addChangeListener: vi.fn((listener: () => void) => {
+        changeListeners.push(listener);
+        return () => {
+          const index = changeListeners.indexOf(listener);
+          if (index >= 0) {
+            changeListeners.splice(index, 1);
+          }
+        };
+      }),
+      getParseErrors: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(new Map()),
+    } as unknown as SkillManager;
+
+    MockedSkillManager.mockImplementation(() => mockSkillManager);
+
+    // Make config return the mock SkillManager
+    vi.mocked(config.getSkillManager).mockReturnValue(mockSkillManager);
+
+    // Create SkillTool instance
+    skillTool = new SkillTool(config);
+
+    // Allow async initialization to complete
+    await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  describe('initialization', () => {
+    it('should initialize with correct name and properties', () => {
+      expect(skillTool.name).toBe('skill');
+      expect(skillTool.displayName).toBe('Skill');
+      expect(skillTool.kind).toBe('read');
+    });
+
+    it('should load available skills during initialization', () => {
+      expect(mockSkillManager.listSkills).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('should subscribe to skill manager changes', () => {
+      expect(mockSkillManager.addChangeListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should update description with available skills', () => {
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('code-review');
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain(
+        'Specialized skill for reviewing code quality',
+      );
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('testing');
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain(
+        'Skill for writing and running tests',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should handle empty skills list gracefully', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+      const emptySkillTool = new SkillTool(config);
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      expect(emptySkillTool.description).toContain(
+        'No skills are currently configured',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should handle skill loading errors gracefully', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockRejectedValue(
+        new Error('Loading failed'),
+      );
+
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      new SkillTool(config);
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'Failed to load skills for Skills tool:',
+        expect.any(Error),
+      );
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('schema generation', () => {
+    it('should expose static schema without dynamic enums', () => {
+      const schema = skillTool.schema;
+      const properties = schema.parametersJsonSchema as {
+        properties: {
+          skill: {
+            type: string;
+            description: string;
+            enum?: string[];
+          };
+        };
+      };
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.type).toBe('string');
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.description).toBe(
+        'The skill name (no arguments). E.g., "pdf" or "xlsx"',
+      );
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.enum).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('should keep schema static even when no skills available', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+      const emptySkillTool = new SkillTool(config);
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      const schema = emptySkillTool.schema;
+      const properties = schema.parametersJsonSchema as {
+        properties: {
+          skill: {
+            type: string;
+            description: string;
+            enum?: string[];
+          };
+        };
+      };
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.type).toBe('string');
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.description).toBe(
+        'The skill name (no arguments). E.g., "pdf" or "xlsx"',
+      );
+      expect(properties.properties.skill.enum).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('validateToolParams', () => {
+    it('should validate valid parameters', () => {
+      const result = skillTool.validateToolParams({ skill: 'code-review' });
+      expect(result).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('should reject empty skill', () => {
+      const result = skillTool.validateToolParams({ skill: '' });
+      expect(result).toBe('Parameter "skill" must be a non-empty string.');
+    });
+
+    it('should reject non-existent skill', () => {
+      const result = skillTool.validateToolParams({
+        skill: 'non-existent',
+      });
+      expect(result).toBe(
+        'Skill "non-existent" not found. Available skills: code-review, testing',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should show appropriate message when no skills available', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+      const emptySkillTool = new SkillTool(config);
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      const result = emptySkillTool.validateToolParams({
+        skill: 'non-existent',
+      });
+      expect(result).toBe(
+        'Skill "non-existent" not found. No skills are currently available.',
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('refreshSkills', () => {
+    it('should refresh when change listener fires', async () => {
+      const newSkills: SkillConfig[] = [
+        {
+          name: 'new-skill',
+          description: 'A brand new skill',
+          level: 'project',
+          filePath: '/project/.qwen/skills/new-skill/SKILL.md',
+          body: 'New skill content.',
+        },
+      ];
+
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockResolvedValueOnce(newSkills);
+
+      const listener = changeListeners[0];
+      expect(listener).toBeDefined();
+
+      listener?.();
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('new-skill');
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('A brand new skill');
+    });
+
+    it('should refresh available skills and update description', async () => {
+      const newSkills: SkillConfig[] = [
+        {
+          name: 'test-skill',
+          description: 'A test skill',
+          level: 'project',
+          filePath: '/project/.qwen/skills/test-skill/SKILL.md',
+          body: 'Test content.',
+        },
+      ];
+
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.listSkills).mockResolvedValue(newSkills);
+
+      await skillTool.refreshSkills();
+
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('test-skill');
+      expect(skillTool.description).toContain('A test skill');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('SkillToolInvocation', () => {
+    const mockRuntimeConfig: SkillConfig = {
+      ...mockSkills[0],
+    };
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).mockResolvedValue(
+        mockRuntimeConfig,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should execute skill load successfully', async () => {
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'code-review',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute();
+
+      expect(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'code-review',
+      );
+
+      const llmText = partToString(result.llmContent);
+      expect(llmText).toContain(
+        'Base directory for this skill: /project/.qwen/skills/code-review',
+      );
+      expect(llmText.trim()).toContain(
+        'Review code for quality and best practices.',
+      );
+
+      expect(result.returnDisplay).toBe('Launching skill: code-review');
+    });
+
+    it('should include allowedTools in result when present', async () => {
+      const skillWithTools: SkillConfig = {
+        ...mockSkills[1],
+      };
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).mockResolvedValue(
+        skillWithTools,
+      );
+
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'testing',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute();
+
+      const llmText = partToString(result.llmContent);
+      expect(llmText).toContain('testing');
+      // Base description is omitted from llmContent; ensure body is present.
+      expect(llmText).toContain('Help write comprehensive tests.');
+
+      expect(result.returnDisplay).toBe('Launching skill: testing');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle skill not found error', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'non-existent',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute();
+
+      const llmText = partToString(result.llmContent);
+      expect(llmText).toContain('Skill "non-existent" not found');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle execution errors gracefully', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).mockRejectedValue(
+        new Error('Loading failed'),
+      );
+
+      const consoleSpy = vi
+        .spyOn(console, 'error')
+        .mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'code-review',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute();
+
+      const llmText = partToString(result.llmContent);
+      expect(llmText).toContain('Failed to load skill');
+      expect(llmText).toContain('Loading failed');
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should not require confirmation', async () => {
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'code-review',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const shouldConfirm = await invocation.shouldConfirmExecute();
+
+      expect(shouldConfirm).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('should provide correct description', () => {
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'code-review',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const description = invocation.getDescription();
+
+      expect(description).toBe('Launching skill: "code-review"');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle skill without additional files', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockSkillManager.loadSkillForRuntime).mockResolvedValue(
+        mockSkills[0],
+      );
+
+      const params: SkillParams = {
+        skill: 'code-review',
+      };
+
+      const invocation = (
+        skillTool as SkillToolWithProtectedMethods
+      ).createInvocation(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute();
+
+      const llmText = partToString(result.llmContent);
+      expect(llmText).not.toContain('## Additional Files');
+
+      expect(result.returnDisplay).toBe('Launching skill: code-review');
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/tools/skill.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Qwen
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { BaseDeclarativeTool, BaseToolInvocation, Kind } from './tools.js';
+import { ToolNames, ToolDisplayNames } from './tool-names.js';
+import type { ToolResult, ToolResultDisplay } from './tools.js';
+import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
+import type { SkillManager } from '../skills/skill-manager.js';
+import type { SkillConfig } from '../skills/types.js';
+import { logSkillLaunch, SkillLaunchEvent } from '../telemetry/index.js';
+import path from 'path';
+
+export interface SkillParams {
+  skill: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Skill tool that enables the model to access skill definitions.
+ * The tool dynamically loads available skills and includes them in its description
+ * for the model to choose from.
+ */
+export class SkillTool extends BaseDeclarativeTool<SkillParams, ToolResult> {
+  static readonly Name: string = ToolNames.SKILL;
+
+  private skillManager: SkillManager;
+  private availableSkills: SkillConfig[] = [];
+
+  constructor(private readonly config: Config) {
+    // Initialize with a basic schema first
+    const initialSchema = {
+      type: 'object',
+      properties: {
+        skill: {
+          type: 'string',
+          description: 'The skill name (no arguments). E.g., "pdf" or "xlsx"',
+        },
+      },
+      required: ['skill'],
+      additionalProperties: false,
+      $schema: 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#',
+    };
+
+    super(
+      SkillTool.Name,
+      ToolDisplayNames.SKILL,
+      'Execute a skill within the main conversation. Loading available skills...', // Initial description
+      Kind.Read,
+      initialSchema,
+      true, // isOutputMarkdown
+      false, // canUpdateOutput
+    );
+
+    this.skillManager = config.getSkillManager();
+    this.skillManager.addChangeListener(() => {
+      void this.refreshSkills();
+    });
+
+    // Initialize the tool asynchronously
+    this.refreshSkills();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Asynchronously initializes the tool by loading available skills
+   * and updating the description and schema.
+   */
+  async refreshSkills(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      this.availableSkills = await this.skillManager.listSkills();
+      this.updateDescriptionAndSchema();
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('Failed to load skills for Skills tool:', error);
+      this.availableSkills = [];
+      this.updateDescriptionAndSchema();
+    } finally {
+      // Update the client with the new tools
+      const geminiClient = this.config.getGeminiClient();
+      if (geminiClient && geminiClient.isInitialized()) {
+        await geminiClient.setTools();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the tool's description and schema based on available skills.
+   */
+  private updateDescriptionAndSchema(): void {
+    let skillDescriptions = '';
+    if (this.availableSkills.length === 0) {
+      skillDescriptions =
+        'No skills are currently configured. Skills can be created by adding directories with SKILL.md files to .qwen/skills/ or ~/.qwen/skills/.';
+    } else {
+      skillDescriptions = this.availableSkills
+        .map(
+          (skill) => `<skill>
+<name>
+${skill.name}
+</name>
+<description>
+${skill.description} (${skill.level})
+</description>
+<location>
+${skill.level}
+</location>
+</skill>`,
+        )
+        .join('\n');
+    }
+
+    const baseDescription = `Execute a skill within the main conversation
+
+<skills_instructions>
+When users ask you to perform tasks, check if any of the available skills below can help complete the task more effectively. Skills provide specialized capabilities and domain knowledge.
+
+How to invoke:
+- Use this tool with the skill name only (no arguments)
+- Examples:
+  - \`skill: "pdf"\` - invoke the pdf skill
+  - \`skill: "xlsx"\` - invoke the xlsx skill
+  - \`skill: "ms-office-suite:pdf"\` - invoke using fully qualified name
+
+Important:
+- When a skill is relevant, you must invoke this tool IMMEDIATELY as your first action
+- NEVER just announce or mention a skill in your text response without actually calling this tool
+- This is a BLOCKING REQUIREMENT: invoke the relevant Skill tool BEFORE generating any other response about the task
+- Only use skills listed in <available_skills> below
+- Do not invoke a skill that is already running
+- Do not use this tool for built-in CLI commands (like /help, /clear, etc.)
+</skills_instructions>
+
+<available_skills>
+${skillDescriptions}
+</available_skills>
+`;
+    // Update description using object property assignment
+    (this as { description: string }).description = baseDescription;
+  }
+
+  override validateToolParams(params: SkillParams): string | null {
+    // Validate required fields
+    if (
+      !params.skill ||
+      typeof params.skill !== 'string' ||
+      params.skill.trim() === ''
+    ) {
+      return 'Parameter "skill" must be a non-empty string.';
+    }
+
+    // Validate that the skill exists
+    const skillExists = this.availableSkills.some(
+      (skill) => skill.name === params.skill,
+    );
+
+    if (!skillExists) {
+      const availableNames = this.availableSkills.map((s) => s.name);
+      if (availableNames.length === 0) {
+        return `Skill "${params.skill}" not found. No skills are currently available.`;
+      }
+      return `Skill "${params.skill}" not found. Available skills: ${availableNames.join(', ')}`;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  protected createInvocation(params: SkillParams) {
+    return new SkillToolInvocation(this.config, this.skillManager, params);
+  }
+
+  getAvailableSkillNames(): string[] {
+    return this.availableSkills.map((skill) => skill.name);
+  }
+}
+
+class SkillToolInvocation extends BaseToolInvocation<SkillParams, ToolResult> {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly config: Config,
+    private readonly skillManager: SkillManager,
+    params: SkillParams,
+  ) {
+    super(params);
+  }
+
+  getDescription(): string {
+    return `Launching skill: "${this.params.skill}"`;
+  }
+
+  override async shouldConfirmExecute(): Promise<false> {
+    // Skill loading is a read-only operation, no confirmation needed
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  async execute(
+    _signal?: AbortSignal,
+    _updateOutput?: (output: ToolResultDisplay) => void,
+  ): Promise<ToolResult> {
+    try {
+      // Load the skill with runtime config (includes additional files)
+      const skill = await this.skillManager.loadSkillForRuntime(
+        this.params.skill,
+      );
+
+      if (!skill) {
+        // Log failed skill launch
+        logSkillLaunch(
+          this.config,
+          new SkillLaunchEvent(this.params.skill, false),
+        );
+
+        // Get parse errors if any
+        const parseErrors = this.skillManager.getParseErrors();
+        const errorMessages: string[] = [];
+
+        for (const [filePath, error] of parseErrors) {
+          if (filePath.includes(this.params.skill)) {
+            errorMessages.push(`Parse error at ${filePath}: ${error.message}`);
+          }
+        }
+
+        const errorDetail =
+          errorMessages.length > 0
+            ? `\nErrors:\n${errorMessages.join('\n')}`
+            : '';
+
+        return {
+          llmContent: `Skill "${this.params.skill}" not found.${errorDetail}`,
+          returnDisplay: `Skill "${this.params.skill}" not found.${errorDetail}`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      // Log successful skill launch
+      logSkillLaunch(
+        this.config,
+        new SkillLaunchEvent(this.params.skill, true),
+      );
+
+      const baseDir = path.dirname(skill.filePath);
+
+      // Build markdown content for LLM (show base dir, then body)
+      const llmContent = `Base directory for this skill: ${baseDir}\n\n${skill.body}\n`;
+
+      return {
+        llmContent: [{ text: llmContent }],
+        returnDisplay: `Launching skill: ${skill.name}`,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      const errorMessage =
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      console.error(`[SkillsTool] Error launching skill: ${errorMessage}`);
+
+      // Log failed skill launch
+      logSkillLaunch(
+        this.config,
+        new SkillLaunchEvent(this.params.skill, false),
+      );
+
+      return {
+        llmContent: `Failed to load skill "${this.params.skill}": ${errorMessage}`,
+        returnDisplay: `Failed to load skill "${this.params.skill}": ${errorMessage}`,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}

packages/core/src/tools/task.ts

@@ -252,6 +252,10 @@ assistant: "I'm going to use the Task tool to launch the with the greeting-respo
   protected createInvocation(params: TaskParams) {
     return new TaskToolInvocation(this.config, this.subagentManager, params);
   }
+
+  getAvailableSubagentNames(): string[] {
+    return this.availableSubagents.map((subagent) => subagent.name);
+  }
 }
 
 class TaskToolInvocation extends BaseToolInvocation<TaskParams, ToolResult> {

packages/core/src/tools/tool-names.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export const ToolNames = {
   TODO_WRITE: 'todo_write',
   MEMORY: 'save_memory',
   TASK: 'task',
+  SKILL: 'skill',
   EXIT_PLAN_MODE: 'exit_plan_mode',
   WEB_FETCH: 'web_fetch',
   WEB_SEARCH: 'web_search',
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ export const ToolDisplayNames = {
   TODO_WRITE: 'TodoWrite',
   MEMORY: 'SaveMemory',
   TASK: 'Task',
+  SKILL: 'Skill',
   EXIT_PLAN_MODE: 'ExitPlanMode',
   WEB_FETCH: 'WebFetch',
   WEB_SEARCH: 'WebSearch',

packages/core/src/utils/paths.ts

@@ -120,6 +120,10 @@ export function makeRelative(
   const resolvedTargetPath = path.resolve(targetPath);
   const resolvedRootDirectory = path.resolve(rootDirectory);
 
+  if (!isSubpath(resolvedRootDirectory, resolvedTargetPath)) {
+    return resolvedTargetPath;
+  }
+
   const relativePath = path.relative(resolvedRootDirectory, resolvedTargetPath);
 
   // If the paths are the same, path.relative returns '', return '.' instead

packages/sdk-typescript/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/sdk",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
   "description": "TypeScript SDK for programmatic access to qwen-code CLI",
   "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
   "module": "./dist/index.mjs",

packages/sdk-typescript/src/query/Query.ts

@@ -272,8 +272,6 @@ export class Query implements AsyncIterable<SDKMessage> {
       // Get only successfully connected SDK servers for CLI
       const sdkMcpServersForCli = this.getSdkMcpServersForCli();
       const mcpServersForCli = this.getMcpServersForCli();
-      logger.debug('SDK MCP servers for CLI:', sdkMcpServersForCli);
-      logger.debug('External MCP servers for CLI:', mcpServersForCli);
 
       await this.sendControlRequest(ControlRequestType.INITIALIZE, {
         hooks: null,
@@ -629,6 +627,11 @@ export class Query implements AsyncIterable<SDKMessage> {
       return Promise.reject(new Error('Query is closed'));
     }
 
+    if (subtype !== ControlRequestType.INITIALIZE) {
+      // Ensure all other control requests get processed after initialization
+      await this.initialized;
+    }
+
     const requestId = randomUUID();
 
     const request: CLIControlRequest = {

packages/sdk-typescript/src/utils/cliPath.ts

@@ -150,48 +150,49 @@ export function parseExecutableSpec(executableSpec?: string): {
   }
 
   // Check for runtime prefix (e.g., 'bun:/path/to/cli.js')
+  // Use whitelist mechanism: only treat as runtime spec if prefix matches supported runtimes
+  const supportedRuntimes = ['node', 'bun', 'tsx', 'deno'];
   const runtimeMatch = executableSpec.match(/^([^:]+):(.+)$/);
+
   if (runtimeMatch) {
     const [, runtime, filePath] = runtimeMatch;
-    if (!runtime || !filePath) {
-      throw new Error(`Invalid runtime specification: '${executableSpec}'`);
+
+    // Only process as runtime specification if it matches a supported runtime
+    if (runtime && supportedRuntimes.includes(runtime)) {
+      if (!filePath) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid runtime specification: '${executableSpec}'`);
+      }
+
+      if (!validateRuntimeAvailability(runtime)) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Runtime '${runtime}' is not available on this system. Please install it first.`,
+        );
+      }
+
+      const resolvedPath = path.resolve(filePath);
+
+      if (!fs.existsSync(resolvedPath)) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Executable file not found at '${resolvedPath}' for runtime '${runtime}'. ` +
+            'Please check the file path and ensure the file exists.',
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (!validateFileExtensionForRuntime(resolvedPath, runtime)) {
+        const ext = path.extname(resolvedPath);
+        throw new Error(
+          `File extension '${ext}' is not compatible with runtime '${runtime}'. ` +
+            `Expected extensions for ${runtime}: ${getExpectedExtensions(runtime).join(', ')}`,
+        );
+      }
+
+      return {
+        runtime,
+        executablePath: resolvedPath,
+        isExplicitRuntime: true,
+      };
     }
-
-    const supportedRuntimes = ['node', 'bun', 'tsx', 'deno'];
-    if (!supportedRuntimes.includes(runtime)) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Unsupported runtime '${runtime}'. Supported runtimes: ${supportedRuntimes.join(', ')}`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (!validateRuntimeAvailability(runtime)) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Runtime '${runtime}' is not available on this system. Please install it first.`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    const resolvedPath = path.resolve(filePath);
-
-    if (!fs.existsSync(resolvedPath)) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Executable file not found at '${resolvedPath}' for runtime '${runtime}'. ` +
-          'Please check the file path and ensure the file exists.',
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (!validateFileExtensionForRuntime(resolvedPath, runtime)) {
-      const ext = path.extname(resolvedPath);
-      throw new Error(
-        `File extension '${ext}' is not compatible with runtime '${runtime}'. ` +
-          `Expected extensions for ${runtime}: ${getExpectedExtensions(runtime).join(', ')}`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    return {
-      runtime,
-      executablePath: resolvedPath,
-      isExplicitRuntime: true,
-    };
+    // If not a supported runtime, fall through to treat as file path (e.g., Windows paths like 'D:\path\to\cli.js')
   }
 
   // Check if it's a command name (no path separators) or a file path

packages/sdk-typescript/test/unit/cliPath.test.ts

@@ -125,12 +125,43 @@ describe('CLI Path Utilities', () => {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should throw for invalid runtime prefix format', () => {
+      it('should treat non-whitelisted runtime prefixes as command names', () => {
+        // With whitelist approach, 'invalid:format' is not recognized as a runtime spec
+        // so it's treated as a command name, which fails validation due to the colon
         expect(() => parseExecutableSpec('invalid:format')).toThrow(
-          'Unsupported runtime',
+          'Invalid command name',
         );
       });
 
+      it('should treat Windows drive letters as file paths, not runtime specs', () => {
+        mockFs.existsSync.mockReturnValue(true);
+
+        // Test various Windows drive letters
+        const windowsPaths = [
+          'C:\\path\\to\\cli.js',
+          'D:\\path\\to\\cli.js',
+          'E:\\Users\\dev\\qwen\\cli.js',
+        ];
+
+        for (const winPath of windowsPaths) {
+          const result = parseExecutableSpec(winPath);
+
+          expect(result.isExplicitRuntime).toBe(false);
+          expect(result.runtime).toBeUndefined();
+          expect(result.executablePath).toBe(path.resolve(winPath));
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('should handle Windows paths with forward slashes', () => {
+        mockFs.existsSync.mockReturnValue(true);
+
+        const result = parseExecutableSpec('C:/path/to/cli.js');
+
+        expect(result.isExplicitRuntime).toBe(false);
+        expect(result.runtime).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(result.executablePath).toBe(path.resolve('C:/path/to/cli.js'));
+      });
+
       it('should throw when runtime-prefixed file does not exist', () => {
         mockFs.existsSync.mockReturnValue(false);
 
@@ -453,6 +484,41 @@ describe('CLI Path Utilities', () => {
         originalInput: `bun:${bundlePath}`,
       });
     });
+
+    it('should handle Windows paths with drive letters', () => {
+      const windowsPath = 'D:\\path\\to\\cli.js';
+      const result = prepareSpawnInfo(windowsPath);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        command: process.execPath,
+        args: [path.resolve(windowsPath)],
+        type: 'node',
+        originalInput: windowsPath,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle Windows paths with TypeScript files', () => {
+      const windowsPath = 'C:\\Users\\dev\\qwen\\index.ts';
+      const result = prepareSpawnInfo(windowsPath);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        command: 'tsx',
+        args: [path.resolve(windowsPath)],
+        type: 'tsx',
+        originalInput: windowsPath,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should not confuse Windows drive letters with runtime prefixes', () => {
+      // Ensure 'D:' is not treated as a runtime specification
+      const windowsPath = 'D:\\workspace\\project\\cli.js';
+      const result = prepareSpawnInfo(windowsPath);
+
+      // Should use node runtime based on .js extension, not treat 'D' as runtime
+      expect(result.type).toBe('node');
+      expect(result.command).toBe(process.execPath);
+      expect(result.args).toEqual([path.resolve(windowsPath)]);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('error cases', () => {
@@ -472,21 +538,39 @@ describe('CLI Path Utilities', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should provide helpful error for invalid runtime specification', () => {
+    it('should treat non-whitelisted runtime prefixes as command names', () => {
+      // With whitelist approach, 'invalid:spec' is not recognized as a runtime spec
+      // so it's treated as a command name, which fails validation due to the colon
       expect(() => prepareSpawnInfo('invalid:spec')).toThrow(
-        'Unsupported runtime',
+        'Invalid command name',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should handle Windows paths correctly even when file is missing', () => {
+      mockFs.existsSync.mockReturnValue(false);
+
+      expect(() => prepareSpawnInfo('D:\\missing\\cli.js')).toThrow(
+        'Executable file not found at',
+      );
+      // Should not throw 'Invalid command name' error (which would happen if 'D:' was treated as invalid command)
+      expect(() => prepareSpawnInfo('D:\\missing\\cli.js')).not.toThrow(
+        'Invalid command name',
       );
     });
   });
 
   describe('comprehensive validation', () => {
     describe('runtime validation', () => {
-      it('should reject unsupported runtimes', () => {
-        expect(() =>
-          parseExecutableSpec('unsupported:/path/to/file.js'),
-        ).toThrow(
-          "Unsupported runtime 'unsupported'. Supported runtimes: node, bun, tsx, deno",
-        );
+      it('should treat unsupported runtime prefixes as file paths', () => {
+        mockFs.existsSync.mockReturnValue(true);
+
+        // With whitelist approach, 'unsupported:' is not recognized as a runtime spec
+        // so 'unsupported:/path/to/file.js' is treated as a file path
+        const result = parseExecutableSpec('unsupported:/path/to/file.js');
+
+        // Should be treated as a file path, not a runtime specification
+        expect(result.isExplicitRuntime).toBe(false);
+        expect(result.runtime).toBeUndefined();
       });
 
       it('should validate runtime availability for explicit runtime specs', () => {

packages/test-utils/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@qwen-code/qwen-code-test-utils",
-  "version": "0.6.0-preview.0",
+  "version": "0.6.0",
   "private": true,
   "main": "src/index.ts",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",